語法對點講練二　定語從句

　　一、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

　　知識點講解

　　定語從句在句中作定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞、詞組或代詞，甚至整個主句是先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引導(dǎo)。這些關(guān)系詞的意義和功能比較如下：

　　類別 引導(dǎo)詞 句子成分 指代 例句

　　關(guān)

　　系

　　代

　　詞 ①who 主、賓、表 人 Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.

　　②whom 賓、表 人 The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.

　　③whose 定、表 所屬關(guān)系，意為“……的” I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.

　　④which 主、賓、表 物或整個句子 Football is a game which is liked by most boys.

　　⑤that 主、賓、表 人或物 The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises by one million.

　　⑥as 主、賓、表 人、物或整個句子 She is the_same_person as you saw yesterday.

　　關(guān) ⑦when 時間狀語 時間 The time when we got together finally came.

　　系

　　副詞 ⑧where 地點狀語 地點 The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.

　　⑨why 原因狀語 原因 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

　　對點訓(xùn)練

　　完成下列小題，并指出考查上述哪個知識點(①～⑨)

　　第一組　單項填空

　　1．(2024·新課標(biāo)卷Ⅱ)When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house ________ I would be staying.

　　A. what

　　B. when

　　C. where

　　D. which

　　答案　__C__　知識點　__⑧__

　　解析　句意：當(dāng)我到達后，布萊恩就帶著我去看我要住的房子。where引導(dǎo)定語從句，并在句中作地點狀語。

　　2．(2024·山東卷)Finally he reached a lonely island ________ was completely cut off from the outside world.

　　A. when

　　B. where

　　C. which

　　D. whom

　　答案　__C__　知識點　__④__

　　解析　句意：最終他到達了那個與外面世界完全隔絕的荒僻的小島。先行詞為island且在定語從句中作主語，故用關(guān)系代詞that或which。故選C項。

　　3．(2024·福建卷)The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those ________ lives were affected.

　　A. whose

　　B. that

　　C. who

　　D. which

　　答案　__A__　知識點　__③__

　　解析　lives前缺少定語，故用whose引導(dǎo)定語從句。

　　4．(2024·湖南卷)Happiness and success often come to those ________ are good at recognizing their own strengths.

　　A. whom

　　B. who

　　C. what

　　D. which

　　答案　__B__　知識點　__①__

　　解析　先行詞those指代人，并且在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語，故用who引導(dǎo)定語從句。

　　5．(2024·陜西卷)________ is often the case with children, Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived.

　　A. It

　　B. That

　　C. What

　　D. As

　　答案　__D__　知識點　__⑥__

　　解析　句意：情況常像孩子們一樣，醫(yī)生一來到，艾米的病就好多了。as is often the case“情況常常如此；通常就是這樣”。as指代“Amy was better by the time the doctor arrived”這件事，在從句中作主語。

　　6．(2024·重慶卷)John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of ________ are family members.

　　A. them

　　B. that

　　C. which

　　D. whom

　　答案　__D__　知識點　__②__

　　解析　由逗號可知，這是一個非限制性定語從句，不用them和that，先行詞是people，用whom不用which。

　　第二組　語法填空(副詞、介詞＋關(guān)系代詞)

　　7．(浙江卷)We live in an age ________ more information is available with greater ease than ever before.

　　答案　when/in_which　知識點　__⑦__

　　解析　句意：在我們生活的這個時代，有更多的信息可以比以往任何時候都更加容易獲得。an age為先行詞， when/in which引導(dǎo)定語從句，并在從句中作時間狀語。

　　8．Maybe the fact that he is two inches shorter than her is the reason ________ she doesn't want to marry him.

　　答案　why/for_which　知識點　__⑨__

　　解析　why/for which引導(dǎo)一個定語從句，修飾先行詞the reason。

　　二、關(guān)系代詞that與which, which與as的用法區(qū)別知識點講解

　　1．that與which

　　(1)只用that的情況：

　　①當(dāng)先行詞既指人又指物時。

　　②先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時；先行詞本身就是序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級時。

　　③當(dāng)先行詞是something, anything, nothing, everything, few, all, none, little, some等不定代詞時，或由every, any, all, no, some, little, few, much等修飾時。

　　④當(dāng)主句是以who, which開頭的特殊疑問句時。

　　⑤當(dāng)先行詞由the last, the only, the just, the very等修飾時。

　　⑥當(dāng)先行詞為主句的表語或關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語時。

　　⑦在雙重定語從句中，如一個從句用which引導(dǎo)，那么另一個用that。

　　(2)只用which的情況：

　　⑧“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”修飾的先行詞指物時。

　　⑨引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指物或前面整個句子時。

　　⑩先行詞本身是that, those時。

　　What's that which flashed in the sky just now?

　　先行詞后有插入語時。

　　Here is the CD which, as I have told you, is of great help to you.

　　2．which與as

　　在限制性定語從句中，當(dāng)先行詞前有such, the same或so修飾時，關(guān)系代詞要用as。

　　在非限制性定語從句中，which引導(dǎo)的從句一般在主句之后，而as引導(dǎo)的從句，可在主句前、主句后，也可插在主句中。

　　在非限制性定語從句中，which通常意為“這；這一點”，as通常表示說話人的態(tài)度、看法、解釋等，意為“正如；就像”。

　　在否定意義的非限制性定語從句中常用which引導(dǎo)，而不用as引導(dǎo)。

　　對點訓(xùn)練

　　完成下列小題，并指出考查上述哪個知識點(①～)

　　第一組　單項填空

　　1．(2024·天津卷)We have launched another man-made satellite, ________ is announced in today's newspaper.

　　A. when

　　B. where

　　C. which

　　D. whom

　　答案　__C__　知識點　__⑨__

　　解析　句意：據(jù)今天資訊報導(dǎo)，我們又發(fā)射了一顆人造衛(wèi)星。which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代前面一句話且在從句中作主語，故C項正確。

　　2．(2024·安徽高考最后一卷)As a single mother of three children, she has very little time ________ she can spare to develop her own interest.

　　A. when

　　B. that

　　C. which

　　D. what

　　答案　__B__　知識點　__③__

　　解析　先行詞time雖然指時間，但其在定語從句中作spare的賓語，所以不用when引導(dǎo)。先行詞有l(wèi)ittle修飾，故引導(dǎo)詞用that而不是which。本題選擇B項。

　　3．________ is reported in the newspaper, the air pollution in some big cities, such as Beijing and Wuhan, has become more and more serious.

　　A. That

　　B. Which

　　C. As

　　D. What

　　答案　__C__　知識點　____

　　解析　根據(jù)句意可知這是一個非限制性定語從句，排除A、D兩項。as和which都可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代主句整個句子。位于句尾，且as和which在從句中作主語、賓語、表語，兩者可換用。但表示“正如……”意思時，只能用as。并且as可位于句首，句中或句尾， which一般不用于句首。故選C項。

　　4．The recently renovated teaching building, the walls of ________ are painted light brown, is much more beautiful than before.

　　A. that

　　B. it

　　C. what

　　D. which

　　答案　__D__　知識點　__⑧__

　　解析　句意：最近重新裝修的教學(xué)樓，墻漆成了咖啡色，比以前漂亮多了。the walls of which引導(dǎo)定語從句， which指代先行詞teaching building。

　　第二組　語法填空

　　5．This book is written in such easy English ________ beginners can understand.

　　答案　as　知識點　____

　　解析　句意：這本書是用連初學(xué)者都能理解的很簡單的英語寫的。因為先行詞前有such修飾，且understand缺少賓語，所以用關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)定語從句。

　　6．________ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.

　　答案　As　知識點　__，__

　　解析　as is mentioned above“正如上面提到的”，是一固定句式， as有“正如”的含義，此時不用which，并且which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句對主句整句話作進一步解釋時放在句末，不放在句首。

　　7．I must think of a proper gift for her, one ________ won't be expensive but will make her happy.

　　答案　that　知識點　__③__

　　解析　逗號后面用one作a gift的同位語， that引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾先行詞one。

　　8．The findings of the study were quite similar, ________ we hadn't expected.

　　答案　which　知識點　____

　　解析　句意：研究結(jié)果十分相似，這是我們沒預(yù)料到的。which指代主句整句話的意思，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。which在此可意為“這一點”。

　　9．In spite of all ________ has been said, quite a lot of people are still uncertain about the prices of housing in China.

　　答案　that　知識點　__③__

　　解析　句意：不管人們怎么說，相當(dāng)多的人仍然對中國房價拿不準(zhǔn)。因為先行詞為不定代詞all，因此要用that。

　　三、“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句

　　知識點講解

　　　①“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”在定語從句中作時間、地點、原因狀語，相當(dāng)于關(guān)系副詞when, where, why。

　　②“介詞＋which”指物，“介詞＋whom”指人。

　　③介詞前有some, any, none, both, all, few, neither, most等代詞或數(shù)詞時，介詞一般用of，表示“所有”關(guān)系，或“整體與部分”的關(guān)系。

　　④“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞＋定語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)可以轉(zhuǎn)化為“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)，這時前后主語必須一致。

　　I have a computer with which to look for much information. (＝... with which I can look for much information.)

　　⑤介詞＋whose＋名詞。

　　對點訓(xùn)練

　　完成下列小題，并指出考查上述哪個知識點(①～⑤)

　　第一組　單項填空

　　1．(2024·遼寧卷)He may win the competition, ________ he is likely to get into the national team.

　　A. in which case

　　B. in that case

　　C. in what case

　　D. in whose case

　　答案　__A__　知識點　__①，②__

　　解析　句意：他很可能贏得這場比賽，倘若如此，他很可能進入國家隊。此處in which case相當(dāng)于in this case“倘若如此”，由于此處為復(fù)合句，常用前者來引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，故A項正確。選項B干擾較大， that引導(dǎo)定語從句時不用于非限制性定語從句，且前不用介詞。

　　2．(2024·浙江卷)The children, ________ had played the whole day long, were worn out.

　　A. all of what

　　B. all of which

　　C. all of them

　　D. all of whom

　　答案　__D__　知識點　__②，③__

　　解析　逗號后無連詞，不可用A、C項。先行詞為children，故D項正確。

　　第二組　語法填空

　　3．In our class there are 46 students, ________ half wear glasses.

　　答案　of_whom　知識點　__②__

　　解析　這是一個“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。表示46個學(xué)生當(dāng)中的一半，應(yīng)用of whom。

　　4．Care of the soul is a gradual process ________ even the small details of life should be considered.

　　答案　in_which　知識點　__①，②__

　　解析　句意：心靈的護理是一個逐漸的過程，在這個過程中，甚至生活中的那些微小的細節(jié)都應(yīng)加以考慮。先行詞是a gradual process, in which相當(dāng)于in the process。

　　5．He is the murderer ________ arrest a reward was offered by the local government.

　　答案　for_whose　知識點　__⑤__

　　解析　句意：他是那個地方政府懸賞捉拿的殺人犯。for whose引導(dǎo)定語從句， whose在從句中作arrest的定語。

　　四、定語從句的其他事項

　　知識點講解

　　1．限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別

　　限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句

　　作用 起限定作用，限制、約束先行詞，從句不可省略，否則句意不完整 對整個句子的意義并不重要，即使省略，原句仍然成立

　　結(jié)構(gòu) 不用逗號與主句隔開 用逗號與主句隔開

　　功能 先行詞不可缺少的定語 對先行詞或主句作附加說明

　　引導(dǎo)詞 作賓語時可省略；可用that；可用who代替whom 作賓語時不可省略；不用that；不用who代替whom

　　翻譯 譯作先行詞的定語 譯成并列句

　　2.先行詞是way時的定語從句

　　①way作先行詞，表示“方法；手段”且在定語從句中作狀語時，后面的定語從句用that或in which引導(dǎo)，也可以省略。

　　3．先行詞是time時的定語從句

　　②time表示“次數(shù)”，用that引導(dǎo)或省略；time表示一段時間，則用when或at/during which引導(dǎo)。

　　③the time, every time, the moment等后的關(guān)系副詞可以省略。

　　By the time (when) he was eight, he had learned to drive.

　　4．“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”定語從句中介詞的確定

　　④根據(jù)與定語從句中動詞的搭配來確定介詞。

　　Water is the natural medium in which fish live.

　　特別提示　

　　⑤對于那些由動詞與介詞構(gòu)成的短語動詞，通常不宜將它們拆開使用，此時應(yīng)注意介詞的位置應(yīng)放在動詞后。

　　The boy (whom) my sister is looking after is getting better.

　　⑥根據(jù)與定語從句中形容詞的搭配來確定介詞。

　　Physics is the subject in our school in which every student is interested.