非謂語動詞1

　　 動詞不定式、分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞,過去分詞)和動名詞統(tǒng)稱為非謂語動詞。現(xiàn)代英語將現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞合為一大類叫作v + ing形式。這些動詞的形式不能在句中單獨作謂語用,因而沒有語法主語。但可以有邏輯主語。由于沒有語法主語,也就不受人稱和數(shù)的限定,因為不是謂語,也就沒有時態(tài)和語態(tài),但這些詞仍能表示動作和狀態(tài),所以仍有表示與其他動詞相對時間關系的形式。由于與其它詞有邏輯上的主謂關系,因此也有表示主、被動的形式,同時也有自己的賓語和狀語,一起構(gòu)成非謂語動詞的短語(動詞不定式短語,分詞短語,動名詞短語)。非謂語動詞在英語語法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非謂語動詞形式多樣,應用廣泛,且在句中起著很活躍的作用,也是語法項目中的重點和難點,學好非謂語動詞,才能正確進行口語和書面的交流。

　　 動詞不定式、過去分詞及v-ing形式在句中均不能作謂語用,所以叫做非謂語動詞。

　　 (一)動詞不定式:

　　 動詞不定式由to+ 動詞原形構(gòu)成,如:to study, to play,動詞不定式雖然不能作謂語動詞用,但仍留著動詞的特征,它可以帶有所需要的賓語或狀語而構(gòu)成動詞不定式短語,如:to study hard, to play table tennis。

　　 1、動詞不定式的形式變化:動詞不定式有下列時態(tài)和語態(tài)的形式變化。

　　 語態(tài)式 一般式 完成式 進行式 完成進行式

　　 主 動 to build to have built to be building to have been building

　　 被 動 to be build to have been build

　　 2、動詞不定式的基本用法:動詞不定式能起名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用,可在句中作主語、表語、賓語補足語、定語和狀語用,如:

　　 (1)作主語:To help each other is good.(動詞不定式作主語時,一般可用it作形式主語,而將作主語的動詞不定式置于句末,如:It is good to help each other.

　　 (2)作表語:My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 動詞不定式在系動詞be之后作表語,與表示將來時的be + 動詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)有所區(qū)別,如:Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants' children.我們的計劃是給農(nóng)民子弟再成立一所中學。(句中的謂語動詞為is,動詞不定式to set up 為表語,主語為plan,但plan并不是動詞不定式的邏輯主語,即動詞不定式 to set up所表示的動作不是主語plan產(chǎn)生的。)We are to set up another middle school for the peasants' children.我們將為農(nóng)民的子弟再成立一所中學。(句中的are to set up整個結(jié)構(gòu)為句中謂語,主語為we,同時也是動詞不定式to set up所表示的動作的邏輯主語,即動詞不定式to set up所表示的動作是由we產(chǎn)生的)。

　　 (3)作賓語:①作及物動詞的賓語,如:She wishes to be a musician.;②作某些形容詞的賓語:可以有動詞不定式為賓語的形容詞一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等,如:I am determined to give up smoking.;③動詞不定式一般不作介詞的賓語,但動詞不定式之前如有疑問詞時,就可作介詞的賓語,如:Can you give us some advice on what to do next?

　　 (4)作賓語補足語,如:Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的謂語動詞為see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等,作賓語補足語的動詞不定式須將to省去,如:I saw a little girl run across the street.

　　 (5)動詞不定式在句中作賓語,如帶有賓語補足語時,須先用it作形式賓語,而將該動詞不定式后置,如:I don't think it right to do it that way.

　　 (6)作定語:動詞不定式作定語時,須位于被其修飾的名詞或代詞之后,如:Is this the best way to help him? 和定語用的動詞不定式如果是不及物動詞,不定式后面就要用必要的介詞,如:He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修飾的名詞為place, time, way,不定式后面的介詞,習慣上可以省去,如:The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.

　　 (7)作狀語:動詞不定式可以作下列的狀語:①目的狀語: Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 為了強調(diào)不定式表示目的的作用,可在不定式前加in order to或so as to(以便或為了),但應注意in order to位于句首或句中均可,而so as to不能位于句首,如:She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English. 將表示目的的不定式置于句首,也可強調(diào)目的的作用,如:To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. ②結(jié)果狀語:They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他們活到親眼見到了他們家鄉(xiāng)的解放。③too + 形容詞或副詞 + 動詞不定式,表示足能的結(jié)果,如:You are old enough to take care of yourself now.

　　 3、復合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式:由for + 名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 動詞不定式即構(gòu)成復合結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞不定式。其中for本身無意義。for后面的名詞或代詞是不定式的邏輯主語,這種不定式在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語或狀語,如:It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 當作表語用的形容詞表示不定式的邏輯主語的性質(zhì)或特征時,就用介詞of而不用for引出不定式的邏輯主語,這些形容詞一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等,如:It is very kind of you to help him every day.

　　 4、疑問詞 + 動詞不定式:疑問代詞和疑問副詞后可加動詞不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語,在句中可作主語、表語或賓語,如:How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.

　　 5、動詞不定式的否定式:動詞不定式的否定式是由not + 動詞不定式構(gòu)成,如:It's wrong of you not to attend the meeting.

　　 6、動詞不定式的時態(tài)形式所表示的時間關系:(1)一般式:動詞不定式一般式所表示的動作是和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生,但在多數(shù)情況下,是在謂語動詞所表示的動作之后發(fā)生,如:We decided to plant more trees this spring.(其后),They often watch us play table tennis.(同時);(2)完成式:動詞不定式完成式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前,如:I am sorryto have kept you waiting.(3)進行式:動詞不定式進行式所表示的動作正在進行中,而且與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生,如:She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.

　　 7、動詞不定式的被動語態(tài)用法:如果動詞不定式的邏輯主語為這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者時,不定式一般就用被動語態(tài)形式,如:What is to be done next hasn't been decided yet.

　　 練習、非謂語動詞(一)

　　 1. ---- Can you ride a horse? ---- No, I never had the chance ____.

　　 A. for learning it B. for learning how C. how to learn it D. to learn how

　　 2. Paul said, Give me a chair _____.

　　 A. to sit B. sit C. sit on D. to sit on

　　 3. I ran too fast ______ where I was going.

　　 A. to notice B. for me to notice C. to notice for me D. and notice

　　 4. ---- Have you enjoyed your visit here? ---- Yes, I'll be very sorry______ .

　　 A. for leaving B.of leaving C. to leave D. with leaving

　　 5. ---- I'll help you whenever you need me. ---- Good. I'd like _____me tomorrow.

　　 A. you helping B. that you will help C. you to help D. that you help

　　 6. ---- I didn't hear you come in last night. ---- That's good. We tried_____ noisy.

　　 A. not be B. not to be C. to be not D. to not be

　　 7. Because of air pollution being greatly reduced, this city is still ______.

　　 A. a good place which to be lived in B. lived as a good place

　　 C. a good place to live in D. living in as a good place

　　 8. ---- Why was the official meeting called? ---- ______ new officers.

　　 A. Select B. Selecting C. To select D. For selecting

　　 9. ---- Where did he go? ---- He went to another store ______.

　　 A. to buy pencils B. for buying pencils C. buy pencils D. buying pencils

　　 10. ---- My baby has a heart trouble. ---- Did the doctor find it difficult ______ ?

　　 A. in treating B. treating C. for treating D. to treat

　　 1~5 DDACC 6~10 BCCAD

　　非謂語動詞1

　　 動詞不定式、分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞,過去分詞)和動名詞統(tǒng)稱為非謂語動詞。現(xiàn)代英語將現(xiàn)在分詞和動名詞合為一大類叫作v + ing形式。這些動詞的形式不能在句中單獨作謂語用,因而沒有語法主語。但可以有邏輯主語。由于沒有語法主語,也就不受人稱和數(shù)的限定,因為不是謂語,也就沒有時態(tài)和語態(tài),但這些詞仍能表示動作和狀態(tài),所以仍有表示與其他動詞相對時間關系的形式。由于與其它詞有邏輯上的主謂關系,因此也有表示主、被動的形式,同時也有自己的賓語和狀語,一起構(gòu)成非謂語動詞的短語(動詞不定式短語,分詞短語,動名詞短語)。非謂語動詞在英語語法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非謂語動詞形式多樣,應用廣泛,且在句中起著很活躍的作用,也是語法項目中的重點和難點,學好非謂語動詞,才能正確進行口語和書面的交流。

　　 動詞不定式、過去分詞及v-ing形式在句中均不能作謂語用,所以叫做非謂語動詞。

　　 (一)動詞不定式:

　　 動詞不定式由to+ 動詞原形構(gòu)成,如:to study, to play,動詞不定式雖然不能作謂語動詞用,但仍留著動詞的特征,它可以帶有所需要的賓語或狀語而構(gòu)成動詞不定式短語,如:to study hard, to play table tennis。

　　 1、動詞不定式的形式變化:動詞不定式有下列時態(tài)和語態(tài)的形式變化。

　　 語態(tài)式 一般式 完成式 進行式 完成進行式

　　 主 動 to build to have built to be building to have been building

　　 被 動 to be build to have been build

　　 2、動詞不定式的基本用法:動詞不定式能起名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用,可在句中作主語、表語、賓語補足語、定語和狀語用,如:

　　 (1)作主語:To help each other is good.(動詞不定式作主語時,一般可用it作形式主語,而將作主語的動詞不定式置于句末,如:It is good to help each other.

　　 (2)作表語:My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 動詞不定式在系動詞be之后作表語,與表示將來時的be + 動詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)有所區(qū)別,如:Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants' children.我們的計劃是給農(nóng)民子弟再成立一所中學。(句中的謂語動詞為is,動詞不定式to set up 為表語,主語為plan,但plan并不是動詞不定式的邏輯主語,即動詞不定式 to set up所表示的動作不是主語plan產(chǎn)生的。)We are to set up another middle school for the peasants' children.我們將為農(nóng)民的子弟再成立一所中學。(句中的are to set up整個結(jié)構(gòu)為句中謂語,主語為we,同時也是動詞不定式to set up所表示的動作的邏輯主語,即動詞不定式to set up所表示的動作是由we產(chǎn)生的)。

　　 (3)作賓語:①作及物動詞的賓語,如:She wishes to be a musician.;②作某些形容詞的賓語:可以有動詞不定式為賓語的形容詞一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等,如:I am determined to give up smoking.;③動詞不定式一般不作介詞的賓語,但動詞不定式之前如有疑問詞時,就可作介詞的賓語,如:Can you give us some advice on what to do next?

　　 (4)作賓語補足語,如:Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的謂語動詞為see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等,作賓語補足語的動詞不定式須將to省去,如:I saw a little girl run across the street.

　　 (5)動詞不定式在句中作賓語,如帶有賓語補足語時,須先用it作形式賓語,而將該動詞不定式后置,如:I don't think it right to do it that way.

　　 (6)作定語:動詞不定式作定語時,須位于被其修飾的名詞或代詞之后,如:Is this the best way to help him? 和定語用的動詞不定式如果是不及物動詞,不定式后面就要用必要的介詞,如:He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修飾的名詞為place, time, way,不定式后面的介詞,習慣上可以省去,如:The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.

　　 (7)作狀語:動詞不定式可以作下列的狀語:①目的狀語: Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 為了強調(diào)不定式表示目的的作用,可在不定式前加in order to或so as to(以便或為了),但應注意in order to位于句首或句中均可,而so as to不能位于句首,如:She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English. 將表示目的的不定式置于句首,也可強調(diào)目的的作用,如:To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. ②結(jié)果狀語:They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他們活到親眼見到了他們家鄉(xiāng)的解放。③too + 形容詞或副詞 + 動詞不定式,表示足能的結(jié)果,如:You are old enough to take care of yourself now.

　　 3、復合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式:由for + 名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 動詞不定式即構(gòu)成復合結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞不定式。其中for本身無意義。for后面的名詞或代詞是不定式的邏輯主語,這種不定式在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語或狀語,如:It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 當作表語用的形容詞表示不定式的邏輯主語的性質(zhì)或特征時,就用介詞of而不用for引出不定式的邏輯主語,這些形容詞一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等,如:It is very kind of you to help him every day.

　　 4、疑問詞 + 動詞不定式:疑問代詞和疑問副詞后可加動詞不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語,在句中可作主語、表語或賓語,如:How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.

　　 5、動詞不定式的否定式:動詞不定式的否定式是由not + 動詞不定式構(gòu)成,如:It's wrong of you not to attend the meeting.

　　 6、動詞不定式的時態(tài)形式所表示的時間關系:(1)一般式:動詞不定式一般式所表示的動作是和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生,但在多數(shù)情況下,是在謂語動詞所表示的動作之后發(fā)生,如:We decided to plant more trees this spring.(其后),They often watch us play table tennis.(同時);(2)完成式:動詞不定式完成式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前,如:I am sorryto have kept you waiting.(3)進行式:動詞不定式進行式所表示的動作正在進行中,而且與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生,如:She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.

　　 7、動詞不定式的被動語態(tài)用法:如果動詞不定式的邏輯主語為這個不定式所表示的動作的承受者時,不定式一般就用被動語態(tài)形式,如:What is to be done next hasn't been decided yet.

　　 練習、非謂語動詞(一)

　　 1. ---- Can you ride a horse? ---- No, I never had the chance ____.

　　 A. for learning it B. for learning how C. how to learn it D. to learn how

　　 2. Paul said, Give me a chair _____.

　　 A. to sit B. sit C. sit on D. to sit on

　　 3. I ran too fast ______ where I was going.

　　 A. to notice B. for me to notice C. to notice for me D. and notice

　　 4. ---- Have you enjoyed your visit here? ---- Yes, I'll be very sorry______ .

　　 A. for leaving B.of leaving C. to leave D. with leaving

　　 5. ---- I'll help you whenever you need me. ---- Good. I'd like _____me tomorrow.

　　 A. you helping B. that you will help C. you to help D. that you help

　　 6. ---- I didn't hear you come in last night. ---- That's good. We tried_____ noisy.

　　 A. not be B. not to be C. to be not D. to not be

　　 7. Because of air pollution being greatly reduced, this city is still ______.

　　 A. a good place which to be lived in B. lived as a good place

　　 C. a good place to live in D. living in as a good place

　　 8. ---- Why was the official meeting called? ---- ______ new officers.

　　 A. Select B. Selecting C. To select D. For selecting

　　 9. ---- Where did he go? ---- He went to another store ______.

　　 A. to buy pencils B. for buying pencils C. buy pencils D. buying pencils

　　 10. ---- My baby has a heart trouble. ---- Did the doctor find it difficult ______ ?

　　 A. in treating B. treating C. for treating D. to treat

　　 1~5 DDACC 6~10 BCCAD