Module 5　Great People and Great Inventions of Ancient China

　　【美文導讀】　

　　The Four Great Inventions of ancient China

　　China held the world's leading position in many fields in the study of nature，from the 1st century before Christ to the 15th century，with the four great inventions having the greatest global significance(重要性)．

　　Papermaking，printing，gunpowder and the compass—the four great inventions of ancient China－are significant contributions of the Chinese nation to world civilization.

　　Papermaking(造紙)

　　Chinese legend tells that the new invention of paper was presented to The Emperor in the year 105 AD by Cai Lun.Historical evidence，however，shows that paper was in use two hundred years before then.Either way，the Chinese were greatly ahead of the rest of the world.The craft (工藝) of papermaking relied upon an abundance(豐富) of bamboo fiber to produce a fine quality paper.In ancient China, the papermaker uses only the traditional materials and methods to produce fine art paper.

　　Printing(印刷)

　　Bi Sheng invented moveable type (活字) of printing in the year 1045 AD，three hundred years ahead of Europe，which furthered Chinese technology and its role in the advancement of human civilization.

　　Gunpowder(火藥)

　　Imagine their enemy's surprise when the Chinese first demonstrated(展示) their newest invention in the eighth century AD. Chinese scientists discovered that an explosive mixture could be produced by combining sulfur(硫磺)，charcoal(木炭)，and saltpeter(硝石)．The military uses were clear.New weapons were rapidly developed，including rockets and others that were launched from a bamboo tube.Once again，the raw materials at hand，like bamboo，contributed ideas for new technologies.

　　Compass(指南針)

　　By the third century AD，Chinese scientists had studied and learned much about magnetism (磁) in nature.They learned to “make magnets” by heating pieces of ore(鐵礦石) to red hot temperatures and then cooling the pieces in a North/South position.The magnet was then placed on a piece of reed(蘆笛) and floated in a bowl of water marked with directional bearings(方向)．Those first navigational(航海的) compasses were widely used on Chinese ships by the eleventh century AD.

　　【誘思導學】　

　　1．What do you know about Confucius，Mencius or Mozi?

　　2．Which of their teachings do you like best？And why?

　　【答案】　1～2　Students' own answers.

　　Period ⅠPreviewing

　　(教師用書獨具)

　　●教學目標

　　本課時主要是通過學生對學案所給出的內容的學習，了解本課文中所出現的詞匯，初步了解課文以及相關的背景知識，對下一堂課對課文的全面理解起到一個鋪墊作用。

　　●教學地位

　　該部分實際上是第二部分“閱讀”的熱身活動，介紹了與“中國古代思想家”有關的詞匯。該部分包括四個活動，通過這些活動，學生可以初步熟悉生詞的意思，為以后的各項學習活動做好準備。

　　(教師用書獨具)

　　●新課導入建議

　　教師：以下觀點是本單元我們要學習到的哲學家們提出來的，你能匹配出它們的準確釋義嗎？

　　1．Man is born good.

　　2．All human beings are equal.

　　3．The family is important.We are members of a group.

　　4．Treat others in the way you want to be treated.

　　5．People are more important than rulers.

　　6．We should love all human beings.

　　A．民貴君輕。B.家天下。C.人之初性本善。D.己所不欲，勿施于人。E.我們應愛所有的人。F.眾生平等

　　【答案】　1.C　2.F　3.B　4.D　5.A　6.E

　　(教師用書獨具)

　　●新課導入建議

　　然后核對答案導入新課。

　　●教學流程設計

　　???????????

　　Ⅰ.篇章結構

　　閱讀P43的文章，完成下面表格(每空不超過3個詞)

　　Confucius Ancient China was a place where states were often 1.

　　with each other.But he 2.

　　of kindness，duty and order in society.

　　Mencius His teachings 3.

　　those of Confucius.He was 4.

　　by his mother.He was given an important 5.

　　in the government of a state.However，when he saw the ruler was not 6.

　　，he 7.

　　.

　　Mozi He was very 8.

　　.In some ways，his beliefs were 9.

　　those of Confucius.He believed that all men were 10.

　　.

　　【答案】　1.at war　2.stressed the importance　3.were very similar to

　　4.brought up　5.position　6.following his advice　7.resigned　8.influential　9.similar to　10.equal

　　Ⅱ.語篇理解

　　閱讀P43的Reading and Vocabulary部分，從每題所給的3個選項中選出最佳答案

　　1．

　　believed that people are more important than rulers.

　　A．Mencius　B．Mozi　C．Confucius

　　2．

　　became famous for his unusual clothes and behaviour.

　　A．Confucius

　　B．Mencius

　　C．Mozi

　　3．Mozi's idea of love was

　　the Confucian idea of kindness.

　　A．different from

　　B．the same as

　　C．more practical than

　　4．Which of the following statements is NOT true?

　　A．Confucius's influence has been greater than that of Mencius and Mozi.

　　B．Confucius lived shorter than Mozi.

　　C．Mencius worked for only one ruler.

　　5．Which of the following beliefs of Mozi is similar to those of Confucius?

　　A．He taught we should love all human beings.

　　B．He thought that whether people were good depended on the government.

　　C．He thought that government was most important.

　　【答案】　1－5　A C A C C

　　Ⅲ.課文縮寫

　　用所給單詞或短語的正確形式完成課文縮寫

　　Mencius was a thinker 1.

　　teachings were very similar to 2.

　　of Confucius.Mencius was born in 372 BC. His father died when he was young，and he was 3.

　　by his mother.He became a student of Confucius's ideas，and was then given an important 4.

　　in the government of a state.However，when he saw that the ruler was not 5.

　　，he resigned.For many years he 6.

　　from state to state，teaching the 7.

　　of Confucius.He then became an adviser to another ruler.He spent his last years 8.

　　a book called The Book of Mencius.Mencius believed that the reason 9.

　　man is different from animals is that man is good.He believed that people were more important than rulers，and hated the state when it 10.

　　people badly.

　　【答案】　1.whose　2.those　3.brought up　4.position

　　5．following his advice　6.travelled　7.principles

　　8．preparing 9.why　10. treated

　　Ⅰ.詞義搭配

　　1．equalA．kind behaviour towards someone

　　2．importance

　　B．paid employment；job

　　3．kindness

　　C．a situation in which everything is controlled，well organized，and correctly arranged

　　4．order

　　D．to emphasize a statement，fact，or idea

　　5．principle

　　E．give up (one's job，position，etc.)

　　6．position

　　F．the same in size，number，amount，value etc. as something else

　　7．stress

　　G．having a lot of influence and therefore

　　changing the way people think and behave

　　8．resign

　　H．the quality of being important

　　9．influential

　　I．a moral rule or belief about what is right and wrong，that influences how you behave

　　【答案】　1.F　2.H　3.A　4.C　5.I　6.B　7.D　8.E

　　9．G

　　Ⅱ.短語填空

　　1．Bill was born in Canada but was

　　in America.

　　2．During the Second World War，Germany

　　almost all the countries in the world.

　　3．His opinions

　　yours.

　　4．I tried to persuade him，but he didn't

　　.

　　5．What our teacher said

　　me.

　　【答案】　1.brought up　2.was at war with　3.are similar to　4.take my advice　5.had an influence on

　　Ⅲ.句型背誦

　　1．Treat others in the way you want to be treated.

　　己所不欲，勿施于人。

　　2．Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.

　　古代中國各諸侯國之間經常發生戰爭。

　　3．But it was also a time when there were many great philosophers.

　　但那也是一個哲學家云集的時期。

　　4．Mencius was a thinker whose teachings were very similar to those of Confucius.

　　孟子是一位思想家，他的理論和孔子的理論很相似。

　　5．Mencius believed that the reason why man is different from animals is that man is good.

　　孟子認為人之所以不同于動物是因為人是向善的。

　　Period ⅡIntroduction & Reading and Vocabulary

　　(教師用書獨具)

　　●教學目標

　　(1)熟記學案中所列出的單詞和短語。

　　(2)通過學案中所給出的重點單詞和重點短語的學習，讓學生能夠正確理解這些單詞和短語。

　　(3)通過對這些詞匯的學習能夠更深層次的理解課文，并通過課文更加熟練的運用這些詞匯。

　　●教學地位

　　該部分繼續引入了與課文內容有關的詞匯，為學習課文做好準備。該部分介紹了中國古代三位思想家及其學說。圍繞著課文，編者設計了四個與課文內容和詞匯有關的練習。通過這些練習，學生可以熟悉課文內容和學會使用與課文內容有關的詞匯。

　　(教師用書獨具)

　　●新課導入建議

　　Teacher：1) What do you know about Confucius，Mencius or Mozi? 2) Which of their teachings do you like best？And why？然后導入新課。

　　●教學流程設計

　　?????

　　1．equal adj.相等的，相當的；勝任的v.等于；比得上n.和自己相當的人或物

　　All human beings are equal.(教材P41)人人平等。

　　Men and women have equal rights in China.在中國，男女平等。

　　①equal sb./sth. in... 在……方面比得上……；在……方面與……相匹敵

　　be equal to 與……平等/相等

　　be equal to (doing)sth.勝任做某事

　　without equal 無敵；無與倫比

　　equally adv.同樣地；相等地

　　　I'm not equal to the task. 我不能勝任這項任務。

　　No one equals him in strength.

　　論力氣，無人能和他相比。

　　Two plus two is equal to four.2 加2等于4。

　　【對接高考】　

　　(2024·福建高考)Anyone，whether he is an official or

　　a bus driver，should be

　　respected.

　　A．especiallyB．equally

　　C．naturally

　　D．normally

　　【解析】　考查副詞辨析。句意：任何人，無論他是官員還是公交司機，都應得到平等的尊重。equally“平等地，同樣地”，符合句意。

　　【答案】　B

　　完成句子

　　①1磅約等于500克。

　　A pound is roughly

　　500 grams.

　　②在英語方面沒有人能同他相比。

　　Nobody

　　him

　　English.

　　③你感覺到的幸福與你付出的愛相等。

　　The happiness you feel

　　the love you give.

　　【答案】　①equal to　②equals；in　③is equal to

　　2．Treat others in the way you want to be treated.(教材P41)己所不欲，勿施于人。

　　本句way意為“方式；方法”，在句中作先行詞；如果先行詞在定語從句中作狀語，那么可以用that或in which來引導，that或in which也可以省略。

　　Would you like to perform once again the way( in which/that )you climbed up the high tree?

　　你愿意再給我演示一遍你是怎樣爬上那棵高樹的嗎？

　　【提示】　如果way(方式) 后面的定語從句的引導詞在從句中作主語、賓語或表語，則引導詞用that/which。

　　I finished the joy in the way (that/which) he told me.

　　我用他告訴我的方法完成了這項工作。

　　翻譯句子

　　①我不喜歡你跟你母親說話的方式。

　　【答案】　I don't like the way (that/in which) you speak to your mother.

　　單項填空

　　②What surprised me was not what he said but

　　he said it.

　　A．the way

　　B．in the way that

　　C．in the way

　　D．the way which

　　【解析】　the way在題干中作表語，he said it為定語從句，引導詞that/in which已省去，that/in which在從句中作狀語。

　　【答案】　A

　　3．be at war在交戰時

　　Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.(教材P43)

　　古代中國各諸侯國之間經常發生戰爭。

　　How long have they been at war with each other?

　　他們相互交戰多長時間了？

　　at＋名詞表示“正在進行”或“從事”或“處于某種狀態”，常見類似的短語：

　　at dinner/table 在吃飯；at ease安心；at school在上學；at lunch在吃午飯；at work在工作；at rest 在休息；at sea 出海，茫然，不知所措；at/in peace處于和平狀態

　　　Don't make any noise while others are at work.

　　當別人在工作時，不要吵鬧。

　　Germany has been at peace with France for fifty years.

　　德國和法國已經和平相處了50年。

　　完成句子

　　①孩子們在做游戲，而他們的父母在吃午飯。

　　The children were at play while their parents were

　　.

　　②那時我國正與日本交戰。

　　At that time our country was

　　Japan.

　　③我們希望世界上所有的國家永遠處于和平之中。

　　We hope all the countries in the world are

　　forever.

　　【答案】　①at lunch　②at war with　③at peace

　　4．But it was also a time when there were many great philosophers.(教材P43)但那也是一個哲學家云集的時期。

　　本句中的a time表示“一段時期”，后面接定語從句時，常用when或介詞＋which引導定語從句，譯為“一個……的時期”。

　　We all remember the time when we lived in the countryside.我們都記得我們生活在農村的那段時光。