2.形容詞變名詞： -ness -ity -ism

　　happiness, carelessness ability, possibility

　　Marxism, criticism 3. 名詞、形容詞變動詞： -ify -ize -en beautify, simplify realize quicken, widen, sharpen 4.名詞變形容詞： -y -ish -some -ous -ful -less -ly windy, rainy, sandy, lucky, salty, funny foolish, feverish, selfish , childish handsome, troublesome, awesome dangerous, humorous, serious helpful, careful, peaceful，useful careless, useless, hopeless, homeless friendly, lively, lonely, weekly, motherly 合成詞 Compounding ： 復合詞通常由兩個或兩個以上的詞構成 handbook, snowfall, bookstore dark-red, world-famous, light-blue,

　　sight-see, outline moreover n. adj. v. adv. 轉化詞(Conversion) 本冊出現了名詞轉化為動詞的用法,使得動詞更豐富,更形象,更生動. 1.常用的轉化為動詞的名詞有： head, eye, name, book, dress, diet, mail, face, work, answer, nurse 2.有些動詞可以轉化為名詞： love, doubt, laugh, work, help, look, watch, record, stop, break, guess, change, ship,train 本模塊的重點是n.

　　v.，主要有以下幾種轉化形式： 1.人體部位活用為動詞：head, finger, hand, face 2.某些物質名詞活用為動詞：water, snow, flower, waste 3.對某些人的稱謂用做動詞: nurse, host, guide, mother 4.一些表示心態的抽象名詞用做動詞：interest, disappoint, surprise 名詞和動詞轉化時應注意： 1.有時不改變意思，有時相應地變化

　　picture

　　n. 畫，照片，

　　v. 用圖表示、描述 2.有時形式不變，但讀音有變

　　house

　　vt. /hauz/

　　use

　　vt./ju:z/ 但也有一些帶后綴的派生詞僅僅改變詞義： Kingdom: “職位、狀態”

　　Boyhood: “身份，資格” Friendship: “情態、狀態、性質、

　　身份、職業、技巧、技能” Spoonful：構成名詞 freedom childhood leadership, hardship mouthfulhandful 語法復習專題一

　　強調句

　　解讀考綱： 1. 掌握不同類型的強調； 2. 區分it iswas……that強調句與其它句型 1.利用詞語進行強調

　　1)用助動詞“do（does／did）＋動詞原形”來表示強調。He does know the place well． Do write to me when you get there． 2)用形容詞very，only，single，such等修飾名詞或形容詞來加強語氣。 That’s the very textbook we used last term． 這正是我們上學期用過的教材。 You are the only person here who can speak Chinese． Not a single person has been in the shop this morning． 今天上午這個商店里連一個人都沒有。 How dare you buy such expensive jewels？ 你怎么敢買這么貴的寶石呢？ 3) 用ever，never，very，right, just等副詞和badly，highly，really等帶有-ly的副詞來進行強調。

　　Why ever did you do so？ 你究竟為什么要這么做？ He never said a word the whole day． You’ve got to be very，very careful． This is just what I wanted．這正是我所要的。 He was badly wounded．他傷得很嚴重。 I really don’t know what to do next．我的確不知道下一步該怎么做。 3）使用強調句型進行強調

　　強調句型：It is/was+被強調部分+that/who+句子的其他部分 It was on Monday night that all this happened． 所有這一切發生在周一晚上。 It’s me that he blamed．他怪的是我。

　　The old man spent a whole morning repairing that old bicycle.

　　→It is the old man that/who spent a whole morning repairing that old bicycle.

　　→It is a whole morning that the old man spent repairing that bicycle. 陳述句：

　　It is/ was + 被強調部分（主語、賓語或狀語）+ that/ who（當強調主語且主語指人）+ 其它部分。 e.g. He met Li Ping yesterday.

　　一般疑問句： 只需把is/ was提到it前面, Is/ was it+ …+ that/ who? e.g. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?

　　特殊疑問句： 被強調部分（通常是疑問代詞或疑問副詞）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分？ e.g. When and where was it that you were born? 如何判斷強調句：

　　1. It is/ was + …+ that/ who…中it本身沒有詞義，只用that, who并且不可省略； 2.

　　be的時態只用兩種， is/ was, 必須與原句保持一致，原句是一般過去時、過去完成時和過去進行時，用It was … ，其余的時態用It is … 。 3. It is/ was + …+ that/ who…同時去掉原句不缺成分，依舊完整 It was yesterday that I saw him off at the airport.

　　It is I thatwho am your English teacher.

　　1. 對比：

　　It was Li Lei’s brother that you met in the street yesterday. It is exciting that we have succeeded in sending up Shenzhou V. 將句中的It is/ was + …+ that/ who同時去掉，句子依舊成立 2. 對比： It was the English book that I bought yesterday. It is an English book (which that) I bought yesterday.

　　強調句的be必須與that后的時態一致，引導詞只用that 和who,

　　主語從句 定語從句 3. 對比： It is such an interesting book that we all like very much. It is such an interesting book that we all like it very much. 強調句的it不作任何成分，無實際意義，只起強調作用

　　結果狀語從句 三. 牢記 not … until … 句型的強調句 　It is/ was not until + 被強調部分 + that + 其它部分 　 e.g. He didn't go to bed until/ till his wife came back.

　　強調句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed. 注意：此句型只用until，不用till；

　　句型中It is/ was not … 已經是否定句了，that后面的從句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句。 例：1. It was not until 11 o’clock

　　the experiment.

　　A. did he finish

　　B. that he finished

　　C. when they finished

　　D. that did he finish　 解析：It is/ was not until + 被強調部分 + that + 其它部分???

　　2. --“How was ______ they discovered the entrance to the underground palace？”

　　-- “Totally by chance.”

　　??A. it that????????????????????????? ??? B. he that ? C. it when????????????????????????????D. he which

　　◆典型陷阱題分析◆ ??? 1. ____ that caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual. ?A. It was we being late???????B. It was our being late C. It was we were too late? D. It was because we were late ???

　　【陷阱】此題容易誤選D，認為強調because we were late. 【分析】但實際上，此題的答案為B，強調的是句子主語 our being late，此題若還原成非強調句，即為： ??? Our being late caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual. ??? ◆典型陷阱題分析◆ ?2. --“Where did you find the professor who made the speech yesterday？”

　　--“It was in the hall ______ the students often have a meeting.” ??? A. where???????????B. which

　　C. that?????? D. when ???

　　【陷阱】很可能誤選C，認為這是一個強調句，強調地點狀語 in the hall. ??? 【分析】假若選C，該句的意思是“學生們通常是在大廳開會”，但若將其與上文聯系起來看，則不通；假若將答句改為 It was in the hall that I found the professor，則完全可以。 ◆典型陷阱題分析◆ ?3. It was what he meant rather than what he said ______ annoyed me. ??? A. which????? B. as

　　C. what????????? D. that ??? 【陷阱】幾個干擾項均有可能誤選。 ??? 【分析】此題為一個強調句型，被強調成分為 what he meant rather than what he said.句意為“讓我生氣的不是他說的話，而是他話中的意思”。 ??? （1） It was his nervousness in the interview ______ probably lost him the job. ??? A. which????? B. since???? C. that???????? D. what ??? （2） It is the ability to do the job ______ matters not where you come from or what you are. ???

　　A. one??????? B. that?????? C. what??????? D. it ??? ◆典型陷阱題分析◆ 4. Was it five o’clock ______the fire broke out？ ??? A. when?

　　B. that

　　C. which

　　D. in which ???

　　【陷阱】容易誤選B，誤認為這是強調句。 ??? 【分析】在強調句中，若去掉強調句的結構詞 it is [was]…that…，句子結構仍然完整。此題選A，可分析為：it 表時間，when the fire broke out 為時間狀語從句，全句意為“火災是5點鐘發生的嗎？”比較下面一題： ???

　　Was it at five o’clock ______the fire broke out？ ??? A. when??????????????????????? B. that ??? C. which?????????????????????? D. in which??? ◆典型陷阱題分析◆ ?5. _____ was very ______ that little Jim wrote the letter. ??? A. It, careful????????????????????

　　B. It, carefully ??? C. He, careful???????????????????? D. He, carefully ??? 【陷阱】最有可能誤選的可能是A，認為這是一個普通的系表結構。 ??? 【分析】其實，此題是一個強調句，其非強調形式為 Little Jim wrote the letter very carefully. ???

　　It was when she was about to go to bed ______ the telephone rang. ??? A. since????? B. as???????? C. that????????? D. then ??? 答案選C，被強調成分為 when she was about to go to bed 這一時間狀語從句。 ??? 闖關訓練 1.（2006北京）—I think we have met the word before.

　　—Yes. It is in the reading material ____ we _____ reading yesterday.

　　A. that; did　

　　B. that; were　

　　C. when; were　

　　D. when; did

　　答案：B，本題考查強調句型。

　　2. It is these poisonous products ______can cause the headache.

　　A. who B. that

　　C. how

　　D. what

　　答案：B，被強調部分these poisonous products是句子的主語，其他部分有連詞that引導。 闖關訓練 3.(2004上海,43 )Why! I have nothing to confess. ______ you want to say? What is it that

　　B. What it is that C. How is it that

　　D. How it is that 答案：A該題考查了強調句式的特殊疑問句形式。即:What is it that you want me to say?

　　4.(2005全國Ⅰ,30) It wasn’t until nearly a month later _______ I received the manager’s reply. A. since

　　B. when

　　C. as

　　D. that 答案：D本題強調not until..., 要注意not until 在it is...that的強調句中不能分開。 闖關訓練

　　5. The Foreign Minister said, “_______ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”

　　A. This is

　　B. There is

　　C. That is

　　D. It is 答案：Dit作形式主語，that從句是真正的主語。

　　6. Was it in 2001, when he was still at middle school, ______ this boy became expert at computer?

　　A. which B. where C. when D. that 答案：D本題在強調句中間插入了一個定語從句修飾2001，做題時可以去掉，強調句的結構就一目了然。 本節重點： 一. 注意判斷句子是否是強調句； 二. 牢記一般疑問句和特殊疑問句 三. 牢記 not … until … 句型的強調句 　It is/ was not until + 被強調部分 + that + 其它部分 1.表示否定的前綴： un- non- in- dis- im- il- ir- unfair, unhappy nonsmoker, non-violent inactive, inhuman, indirect disagree, disappear

　　impolite, impossible illegal irregular Ⅰ.前綴

　　(prefix) ： 2.表示錯誤或失當的前綴: mis-

　　misjudge, misdirect(誤導), misunderstand 3.表示向背的前綴: pro- anti- pro-Chinese, pro-American antiwar, anti-Japanese war 4.表示程度、大小的前綴 super-

　　over-

　　mini- under-

　　semi- superstar, supermarket, superman, superpower overhead, overeat, overuse minibus, miniskirt, minicar underground, underdeveloped, underline semicircle, semiskilled, semitone 5.表示時間的前綴 pre- post- fore- prewar, preview, pre-exist postwar, postdate foretell, forecast, foresee, weather forcast 6.表示方位的前綴： sub- inter- trans- subway, submarine, subculture international, intercity, interclass, interaction translate, transatlantic, transform Ⅱ后綴： 不改變詞根的基本意義，而是改變了詞性。 1.動詞變名詞： -ation satisfaction, education, realization -ment

　　development, movement, disappointment -al arrival, refusal, revival -ee employee, interviewee -er teacher, worker, farmer -or visitor, sailor, director

　　2.形容詞變名詞： -ness -ity -ism

　　happiness, carelessness ability, possibility

　　Marxism, criticism 3. 名詞、形容詞變動詞： -ify -ize -en beautify, simplify realize quicken, widen, sharpen 4.名詞變形容詞： -y -ish -some -ous -ful -less -ly windy, rainy, sandy, lucky, salty, funny foolish, feverish, selfish , childish handsome, troublesome, awesome dangerous, humorous, serious helpful, careful, peaceful，useful careless, useless, hopeless, homeless friendly, lively, lonely, weekly, motherly 合成詞 Compounding ： 復合詞通常由兩個或兩個以上的詞構成 handbook, snowfall, bookstore dark-red, world-famous, light-blue,

　　sight-see, outline moreover n. adj. v. adv. 轉化詞(Conversion) 本冊出現了名詞轉化為動詞的用法,使得動詞更豐富,更形象,更生動. 1.常用的轉化為動詞的名詞有： head, eye, name, book, dress, diet, mail, face, work, answer, nurse 2.有些動詞可以轉化為名詞： love, doubt, laugh, work, help, look, watch, record, stop, break, guess, change, ship,train 本模塊的重點是n.

　　v.，主要有以下幾種轉化形式： 1.人體部位活用為動詞：head, finger, hand, face 2.某些物質名詞活用為動詞：water, snow, flower, waste 3.對某些人的稱謂用做動詞: nurse, host, guide, mother 4.一些表示心態的抽象名詞用做動詞：interest, disappoint, surprise 名詞和動詞轉化時應注意： 1.有時不改變意思，有時相應地變化

　　picture

　　n. 畫，照片，

　　v. 用圖表示、描述 2.有時形式不變，但讀音有變

　　house

　　vt. /hauz/

　　use

　　vt./ju:z/ 但也有一些帶后綴的派生詞僅僅改變詞義： Kingdom: “職位、狀態”

　　Boyhood: “身份，資格” Friendship: “情態、狀態、性質、

　　身份、職業、技巧、技能” Spoonful：構成名詞 freedom childhood leadership, hardship mouthfulhandful 語法復習專題一

　　強調句

　　解讀考綱： 1. 掌握不同類型的強調； 2. 區分it iswas……that強調句與其它句型 1.利用詞語進行強調

　　1)用助動詞“do（does／did）＋動詞原形”來表示強調。He does know the place well． Do write to me when you get there． 2)用形容詞very，only，single，such等修飾名詞或形容詞來加強語氣。 That’s the very textbook we used last term． 這正是我們上學期用過的教材。 You are the only person here who can speak Chinese． Not a single person has been in the shop this morning． 今天上午這個商店里連一個人都沒有。 How dare you buy such expensive jewels？ 你怎么敢買這么貴的寶石呢？ 3) 用ever，never，very，right, just等副詞和badly，highly，really等帶有-ly的副詞來進行強調。

　　Why ever did you do so？ 你究竟為什么要這么做？ He never said a word the whole day． You’ve got to be very，very careful． This is just what I wanted．這正是我所要的。 He was badly wounded．他傷得很嚴重。 I really don’t know what to do next．我的確不知道下一步該怎么做。 3）使用強調句型進行強調

　　強調句型：It is/was+被強調部分+that/who+句子的其他部分 It was on Monday night that all this happened． 所有這一切發生在周一晚上。 It’s me that he blamed．他怪的是我。

　　The old man spent a whole morning repairing that old bicycle.

　　→It is the old man that/who spent a whole morning repairing that old bicycle.

　　→It is a whole morning that the old man spent repairing that bicycle. 陳述句：

　　It is/ was + 被強調部分（主語、賓語或狀語）+ that/ who（當強調主語且主語指人）+ 其它部分。 e.g. He met Li Ping yesterday.

　　一般疑問句： 只需把is/ was提到it前面, Is/ was it+ …+ that/ who? e.g. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?

　　特殊疑問句： 被強調部分（通常是疑問代詞或疑問副詞）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分？ e.g. When and where was it that you were born? 如何判斷強調句：

　　1. It is/ was + …+ that/ who…中it本身沒有詞義，只用that, who并且不可省略； 2.

　　be的時態只用兩種， is/ was, 必須與原句保持一致，原句是一般過去時、過去完成時和過去進行時，用It was … ，其余的時態用It is … 。 3. It is/ was + …+ that/ who…同時去掉原句不缺成分，依舊完整 It was yesterday that I saw him off at the airport.

　　It is I thatwho am your English teacher.

　　1. 對比：

　　It was Li Lei’s brother that you met in the street yesterday. It is exciting that we have succeeded in sending up Shenzhou V. 將句中的It is/ was + …+ that/ who同時去掉，句子依舊成立 2. 對比： It was the English book that I bought yesterday. It is an English book (which that) I bought yesterday.

　　強調句的be必須與that后的時態一致，引導詞只用that 和who,

　　主語從句 定語從句 3. 對比： It is such an interesting book that we all like very much. It is such an interesting book that we all like it very much. 強調句的it不作任何成分，無實際意義，只起強調作用

　　結果狀語從句 三. 牢記 not … until … 句型的強調句 　It is/ was not until + 被強調部分 + that + 其它部分 　 e.g. He didn't go to bed until/ till his wife came back.

　　強調句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed. 注意：此句型只用until，不用till；

　　句型中It is/ was not … 已經是否定句了，that后面的從句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句。 例：1. It was not until 11 o’clock

　　the experiment.

　　A. did he finish

　　B. that he finished

　　C. when they finished

　　D. that did he finish　 解析：It is/ was not until + 被強調部分 + that + 其它部分???

　　2. --“How was ______ they discovered the entrance to the underground palace？”

　　-- “Totally by chance.”

　　??A. it that????????????????????????? ??? B. he that ? C. it when????????????????????????????D. he which

　　◆典型陷阱題分析◆ ??? 1. ____ that caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual. ?A. It was we being late???????B. It was our being late C. It was we were too late? D. It was because we were late ???

　　【陷阱】此題容易誤選D，認為強調because we were late. 【分析】但實際上，此題的答案為B，強調的是句子主語 our being late，此題若還原成非強調句，即為： ??? Our being late caused him to serve dinner an hour later than usual. ??? ◆典型陷阱題分析◆ ?2. --“Where did you find the professor who made the speech yesterday？”

　　--“It was in the hall ______ the students often have a meeting.” ??? A. where???????????B. which

　　C. that?????? D. when ???

　　【陷阱】很可能誤選C，認為這是一個強調句，強調地點狀語 in the hall. ??? 【分析】假若選C，該句的意思是“學生們通常是在大廳開會”，但若將其與上文聯系起來看，則不通；假若將答句改為 It was in the hall that I found the professor，則完全可以。 ◆典型陷阱題分析◆ ?3. It was what he meant rather than what he said ______ annoyed me. ??? A. which????? B. as

　　C. what????????? D. that ??? 【陷阱】幾個干擾項均有可能誤選。 ??? 【分析】此題為一個強調句型，被強調成分為 what he meant rather than what he said.句意為“讓我生氣的不是他說的話，而是他話中的意思”。 ??? （1） It was his nervousness in the interview ______ probably lost him the job. ??? A. which????? B. since???? C. that???????? D. what ??? （2） It is the ability to do the job ______ matters not where you come from or what you are. ???

　　A. one??????? B. that?????? C. what??????? D. it ??? ◆典型陷阱題分析◆ 4. Was it five o’clock ______the fire broke out？ ??? A. when?

　　B. that

　　C. which

　　D. in which ???

　　【陷阱】容易誤選B，誤認為這是強調句。 ??? 【分析】在強調句中，若去掉強調句的結構詞 it is [was]…that…，句子結構仍然完整。此題選A，可分析為：it 表時間，when the fire broke out 為時間狀語從句，全句意為“火災是5點鐘發生的嗎？”比較下面一題： ???

　　Was it at five o’clock ______the fire broke out？ ??? A. when??????????????????????? B. that ??? C. which?????????????????????? D. in which??? ◆典型陷阱題分析◆ ?5. _____ was very ______ that little Jim wrote the letter. ??? A. It, careful????????????????????

　　B. It, carefully ??? C. He, careful???????????????????? D. He, carefully ??? 【陷阱】最有可能誤選的可能是A，認為這是一個普通的系表結構。 ??? 【分析】其實，此題是一個強調句，其非強調形式為 Little Jim wrote the letter very carefully. ???

　　It was when she was about to go to bed ______ the telephone rang. ??? A. since????? B. as???????? C. that????????? D. then ??? 答案選C，被強調成分為 when she was about to go to bed 這一時間狀語從句。 ??? 闖關訓練 1.（2006北京）—I think we have met the word before.

　　—Yes. It is in the reading material ____ we _____ reading yesterday.

　　A. that; did　

　　B. that; were　

　　C. when; were　

　　D. when; did

　　答案：B，本題考查強調句型。

　　2. It is these poisonous products ______can cause the headache.

　　A. who B. that

　　C. how

　　D. what

　　答案：B，被強調部分these poisonous products是句子的主語，其他部分有連詞that引導。 闖關訓練 3.(2004上海,43 )Why! I have nothing to confess. ______ you want to say? What is it that

　　B. What it is that C. How is it that

　　D. How it is that 答案：A該題考查了強調句式的特殊疑問句形式。即:What is it that you want me to say?

　　4.(2005全國Ⅰ,30) It wasn’t until nearly a month later _______ I received the manager’s reply. A. since

　　B. when

　　C. as

　　D. that 答案：D本題強調not until..., 要注意not until 在it is...that的強調句中不能分開。 闖關訓練

　　5. The Foreign Minister said, “_______ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.”

　　A. This is

　　B. There is

　　C. That is

　　D. It is 答案：Dit作形式主語，that從句是真正的主語。

　　6. Was it in 2001, when he was still at middle school, ______ this boy became expert at computer?

　　A. which B. where C. when D. that 答案：D本題在強調句中間插入了一個定語從句修飾2001，做題時可以去掉，強調句的結構就一目了然。 本節重點： 一. 注意判斷句子是否是強調句； 二. 牢記一般疑問句和特殊疑問句 三. 牢記 not … until … 句型的強調句 　It is/ was not until + 被強調部分 + that + 其它部分 1.表示否定的前綴： un- non- in- dis- im- il- ir- unfair, unhappy nonsmoker, non-violent inactive, inhuman, indirect disagree, disappear

　　impolite, impossible illegal irregular Ⅰ.前綴

　　(prefix) ： 2.表示錯誤或失當的前綴: mis-

　　misjudge, misdirect(誤導), misunderstand 3.表示向背的前綴: pro- anti- pro-Chinese, pro-American antiwar, anti-Japanese war 4.表示程度、大小的前綴 super-

　　over-

　　mini- under-

　　semi- superstar, supermarket, superman, superpower overhead, overeat, overuse minibus, miniskirt, minicar underground, underdeveloped, underline semicircle, semiskilled, semitone 5.表示時間的前綴 pre- post- fore- prewar, preview, pre-exist postwar, postdate foretell, forecast, foresee, weather forcast 6.表示方位的前綴： sub- inter- trans- subway, submarine, subculture international, intercity, interclass, interaction translate, transatlantic, transform Ⅱ后綴： 不改變詞根的基本意義，而是改變了詞性。 1.動詞變名詞： -ation satisfaction, education, realization -ment

　　development, movement, disappointment -al arrival, refusal, revival -ee employee, interviewee -er teacher, worker, farmer -or visitor, sailor, director