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　　1995年考研英語閱讀真題及答案解析

　　Section III Reading Comprehension

　　Directions:

　　Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)

　　Text 1

　　Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television license would need to be doubled and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.

　　And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.

　　Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.

　　There is one point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.

　　If its message were confined merely to information -- and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive -- advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.

　　51. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that ________.

　　[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising

　　[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming

　　[C] advertising costs money like everything else

　　[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising

　　52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?

　　[A] Securing greater fame.

　　[B] Providing more jobs.

　　[C] Enhancing living standards.

　　[D] Reducing newspaper cost.

　　53. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is ________.

　　[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising

　　[B] interested in nothing but the buyers attention

　　[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information

　　[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising

　　54. In the authors opinion, ________.

　　[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information

　　[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over

　　[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer

　　[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement

　　Text 2

　　There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language -- all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.

　　By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.

　　In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may fail at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think were shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think were slow to adapt to change or that were not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.

　　These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.

　　55. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when ________.

　　[A] he has given up his smoking habit

　　[B] he has made great efforts in his work

　　[C] he is keen on leaning anything new

　　[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey

　　56. In the authors eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would ________.

　　[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder

　　[B] judge his ability to grow from his own achievements

　　[C] face difficulties and take up challenges

　　[D] aim high and reach his goal each time

　　57. When the author says a new way of being (Line 2~3, Para. 3) he is referring to ________.

　　[A] a new approach to experiencing the world

　　[B] a new way of taking risks

　　[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves

　　[D] a new system of adaptation to change

　　58. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following EXCEPT ________.

　　[A] curiosity about more chances

　　[B] promptness in self-adaptation

　　[C] open-mindedness to new experiences

　　[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubts

　　Text 3

　　In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of lifes problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.

　　In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War II. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.

　　Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.

　　Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared worldwide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.

　　In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. Knowledge is power may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.

　　59. The word it (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to ________.

　　[A] the lack of stable communities

　　[B] the breakdown of informal information channels

　　[C] the increased mobility of families

　　[D] the growing number of people moving from place to place

　　60. The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that ________.

　　[A] they have to learn new things consciously

　　[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information

　　[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily

　　[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family

　　61. From the passage we can infer that ________.

　　[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages

　　[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era

　　[C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences

　　[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites

　　62. We can learn from the last paragraph that ________.

　　[A] it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible

　　[B] people should make the best use of the information accessible

　　[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information

　　[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently

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　　Text 4

　　Personality is to a large extent inherent -- A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.

　　One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the win at all costs moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: Rejoice, we conquer!

　　By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.

　　Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into Bs. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a childs personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.

　　If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. Bs are important and should be encouraged.

　　63. According to the passage, A-type individuals are usually ________.

　　[A] impatient

　　[B] considerate

　　[C] aggressive

　　[D] agreeable

　　64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools because ________.

　　[A] the pressure is too great on the students

　　[B] some students are bound to fail

　　[C] failure rates are too high

　　[D] the results of exanimations are doubtful

　　65. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on ________.

　　[A] candidates sensitivity

　　[B] academic achievements

　　[C] competitive spirit

　　[D] surer values

　　66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that ________.

　　[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth

　　[B] family influence dominates the shaping of ones characteristics

　　[C] the development of ones personality is due to multiple factors

　　[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive society

　　Text 5

　　That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences.

　　Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when ones memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.