欄目導引 高頻考 點突破 專題針 對訓練 課堂達 標訓練 專題一　閱讀理解 第二講　推理判斷題 專題一　閱讀理解 [命題分析] 推理判斷題屬于難度較高的題目，要求在理解原文字面意義的基礎上，通過對文中細節的暗示和語篇邏輯關系的分析做出一定的判斷和推理，從而理解作者所要傳達的信息、得出文章的深層意義及隱含意義的過程。它主要考查考生理清上下文邏輯關系的能力和考生的識別能力。 縱觀近三年新課標全國卷，可以看出每年推理判斷題的考查比例都在4～5個小題。簡單的推理題所涉及的內容可能是文中某一句話，也可能是某幾句話或某段落，要求考生在遵循原文意義的基礎上，對文章字面信息進行分析、挖掘、邏輯推理，揭示其深層含義。而較復雜的題目常常在理解全文的內容和結構的基礎上，進行邏輯推理。 專題一　閱讀理解 解答推理判斷題要以文字信息為依據，既不能作出在原文中找不到依據的推理，也不能根據表面文字信息進行多余推理。也就是說，要做到判斷有據，推論有理，忠實原文。切忌用自己的觀點代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面結論。 專題一　閱讀理解 細 節 推 斷 題 細節推斷題是推理判斷題中比較簡單的一類試題，它要求考生根據語篇中具體的內容和信息點，推斷出文章中具體的細節，如時間、地點、人物關系、人物身份、事件等。解答此類試題時，一般可根據短文所提供的信息或者借助生活常識進行推理判斷。考生只要正確把握文章的內在關系，理解文章的真正含義，就可作出準確的推斷。常見的命題形式有： It can be inferred from the passage/text that________． It can be concluded from the passage that________． The author strongly suggests that________． The writer implies but not directly states that________． The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that________． Which of the following statements does the passage support?

　　(2024·高考天津卷)I never told my mother about my “miraculous”(奇跡般的)experience that summer，but she saw a slow but remarkable improvement in my classroom performance during the next year.And years later，she was proud that her son had read thousands of books，was awarded a PhD in literature，and authored his own books，articles，poetry and fiction.The power of the words has held. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?_______ A．The author has become a successful writer. B．The author’s mother read the same book. C．The author’s mother rewarded him with books. D．The author has had happy summers ever since. A 【解析】　推理判斷題。根據本段的倒數第二句話．..she was proud that her son...authored his own books...可以得知， 作者的媽媽對自己的兒子讀了很多書、創作出版了自己寫的 書、文章、詩歌和小說等感到很自豪，由此可以推知，作者成為了一名成功的作家，A項所述符合題干要求。B項“作者的媽媽讀了同樣一本書”、C項“作者的媽媽獎勵給他 書”、D項“作者自那之后度過了很多快樂的暑期”均為干擾項。 名師點津 對于細節推斷題來說，根據文章中的關鍵信息點進行推斷是解答此類試題的關鍵。考生不但要理解文章的字面含義，還要運用邏輯判斷能力，推斷出文章更深層的含義。同時還要根據文章內容進行推斷，不能憑空猜測。考生要注意站在文章作者或文中人物的立場上，設身處地地考慮實際情景，并據此展開合理的想象和推理。主觀臆斷是許多考生做這類題時普遍存在的一個問題。 作者態度或觀點的推斷 該類型題目考查考生是否了解文章作者或文中人物對某事物所持的觀點或態度。要求考生具有在正確理解文意的基礎上，對觀點或態度傾向進行分析、識別的能力。該類型題目的選項一般含有以下三類詞：①中性詞：uninterested(不感興趣的)，neutral(中立的)等；②褒義詞：positive(積極的)，supportive(支持的)，humorous(滑稽有趣的)，enthusiastic(熱情的)，admiring(贊賞的)等；③貶義詞：disgusted(厭惡的)，critical(批評的)，indifferent(漠不關心的)，negative(否定的，消極的)，disappointed(失望的)等。常見的命題形式有： The attitude of the author towards something is________？ The writer of the passage seems to think that________． What’s the writer’s attitude towards...? What is the author’s opinion on...? What does the author think about...?

　　(2024·高考湖北卷)On the whole，Brooks’s story is acceptable if uninspired.As one would expect，his writing is mostly clear and，to be fair，some chapters stand out above the rest.I enjoyed，for instance，the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own.While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters，the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere.These problems partly involve Brooks’s attempt to translate his tale into science. What is the author’s general attitude towards the book?_____ A．Contradictory.B．Supportive. C．Cautious.

　　D．Critical. D 【解析】　推理判斷題。根據最后一段作者在評價這本書的時候說到“mostly clear and，to be fair，some chapters stand out above the rest；are certainly not strong or memorable characters；the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere.These problems partly involve Brooks’s attempt to translate his tale into science.從這些信息可知，作者對這本書持“批評的(critical)”態度，故選D。 名師點津 名師點津 如何解答“心思難猜”的觀點態度類推理判斷題？ 1．一般來說，作者對某一事物的態度往往較為明確，要么支持，要么反對，帶中立色彩的詞語通常是錯誤選項，作者既然寫文章就不會不關心； 2．正確把握文章字里行間的意思，切勿用自己的觀點代替作者的觀點； 3．因為作者往往不直接提出自己的態度或立場，而且作者寫作時也常帶有某種傾向性，所以，考生在讀文章時要細心捕捉表達或暗示情感態度的詞語，捕捉那些烘托氣氛、表達情感的語句； 4．要學會區分不同的觀點，尤其要善于找出作者的觀點。考生要注意文中出現的直接引語和間接引語，出現的觀點一般是當事人的觀點，而不是作者的觀點。作者的觀點一般用in my view，in my opinion，personally，I think，I hold等引出。 寫作意圖的推斷 寫作意圖推斷題要求考生根據文章的論述，揣測作者的寫作意圖。作者一般不直接陳述自己的意圖，而是通過文章所提供的事實，客觀地使讀者信服某種想法或觀點。這種題型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，同時還要具備對作者闡述問題的方法進行歸納總結和分析的能力。常見的命題形式有： What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? The purpose of the text is to get more people to ________． The writer of the story wants to tell us that________． The writer talks about...in order to... The author writes the last paragraph in order to________．

　　(2024·高考天津卷) Once when I was facing a decision that involved high risk，I went to a friend.He looked at me for a moment，and then wrote a sentence containing the best advice I’ve ever had：Be bold and brave—and mighty(強大的) forces will come to your aid. Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past，it was seldom because I had tried and failed.It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all.On the other hand，whenever I had plunged into deep water，forced by courage or circumstance，I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again. Boldness means a decision to bite off more than you are sure you can eat．And there is nothing mysterious about the mighty forces.They are potential powers we possess：energy，skill，sound judgment，creative ideas—even physical strength greater than most of us realize. Admittedly，those mighty forces are spiritual ones.But they are more important than physical ones.A college classmate of mine，Tim，was an excellent football player，even though he weighed much less than the average player.“In one game I suddenly found myself confronting a huge player，who had nothing but me between him and our goal line，”said Tim.“I was so frightened that I closed my eyes and desperately threw myself at that guy like a bullet(子彈)—and stopped him cold.” Boldness—a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme—is not one that can be acquired overnight.But it can be taught to children and developed in adults.Confidence builds up.Surely，there will be setbacks (挫折) and disappointments in life；boldness in itself is no guarantee of success.But the person who tries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the person who tries to do nothing and succeeds. So，always try to live a little bit beyond your abilities—and you’ll find your abilities are greater than you ever dreamed. What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?_______ A．To encourage people to be courageous. B．To advise people to build up physical power. C．To tell people the ways to guarantee success. D．To recommend people to develop more abilities. 【解析】　寫作意圖題。本文首段提到論點“要大膽勇敢地去嘗試”，行文從第二段開始通過列舉事實對此論點進行論證，最后一段回扣主題：努力活得稍微超過你的能力，那么你會發現你的能力比你希望的更大。故本文作者主要的目的是“鼓勵人們要勇敢”，A項所述符合題干要求。 A 名師點津 不同的文章有不同的寫作意圖，歸納起來通常有以下三種：1.to entertain readers(娛樂讀者，讓人發笑)，常見于故事類的文章。2.to persuade readers，to sell a product or a

　　service，to attract more visitors/readers/audience(說服讀者接受某種觀點，購買某種產品或服務，吸引游客、讀者或觀 眾)，多見于廣告類的文章。3.to inform readers(告知讀者某些信息)，多見于科普知識類、資訊報道類或社會文化類的文章。 判斷文章的寫作目的時一定要對文章主題有正確的把握；閱讀時務必找準文章的主旨句，準確歸納文章主題。 文章出處或讀者對象的推斷 推測文章的來源或者推測讀者對象要求考生本身要具備一定的常識，這樣才能把文章的內容與自己已經具備的常識結合起來作出準確推斷。比如考生要對報紙、雜志、網絡、小說、童話、廣告、說明書、旅游指南、藥品說明、操作指南等有基本的了解，這樣才能根據文章的特點對號入座，選出最佳答案。常見的命題形式有： This passage would most likely be found in________． In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed? The passage is probably taken out of________． Where does this text probably come from? Where is the passage most likely to have been taken from?

　　(2024·高考廣東卷)When I grew up and entered the business world，I remember hearing my first boss say，“We all need to think like salespeople.” But it didn’t completely make sense.My dad never once said，“If you want to catch a fish you need to think like a fisherman.” What he said was，“You need to think like a fish.” Years later，with great efforts to promote long-term services to people much older and richer than me，I gradually learned what we all need is to think more like customers.It is not an easy job.I will show you how in the following chapters. This passage most likely comes from ________． A．a fishing guide B．a popular sales book C．a novel on childhood D．a millionaire’s biography 【解析】　推理判斷題。根據最后一段內容尤其是最后一句話“I will show you how in the following chapters.”可知，本文很有可能來自一本有關銷售的書。 B 名師點津 推斷文章出處類題目應從文章的內容或結構入手。從文章的內容上來看，主要有說明文(主要涉及廣告和旅游指南等)、 議論文(主要涉及影評、書評、資訊評論、正反對比議論文 等)。從文章的結構上來看，資訊報道類文章一般在第一段概括全文內容，后面陳述細節，前面都會出現日期、地點或通訊社等名稱。廣告的格式特殊，語言簡練。產品說明會出現產品名稱或操作方式等。網站文章通常會出現click，online，web，website，video 等字眼，有時還會提供網址等。旅游指南類文章旨在介紹某一旅游景點的自然景觀和人文特色，目的是吸引游客來訪。 1．嚴格按照閱讀材料中所提供的信息進行推理，千萬不要摻雜自己的主觀想法或經驗； 2．如果某選項中的內容是閱讀材料的簡單重復，那它就不是推論，也就不是正確答案； 3．如果某選項所表達的內容與經驗相吻合，文中卻沒有涉及，那它屬于主觀臆斷的結論，也不是正確答案； 4．如果某個選項表達的內容雖在文中提到，但很片面或很不完整，那也不是正確答案； 5．文中的虛擬語氣和情態動詞(should，must，may，etc.)往往能流露出作者的弦外之音，這有助于我們確定正確答案； 6．某些過渡詞(如：however，but，on the contrary，what’s more)后面所表達的內容往往能反映作者的觀點和態度。 欄目導引 高頻考 點突破 專題針 對訓練 課堂達 標訓練 專題一　閱讀理解

　　欄目導引 高頻考 點突破 專題針 對訓練 課堂達 標訓練 專題一　閱讀理解 第二講　推理判斷題 專題一　閱讀理解 [命題分析] 推理判斷題屬于難度較高的題目，要求在理解原文字面意義的基礎上，通過對文中細節的暗示和語篇邏輯關系的分析做出一定的判斷和推理，從而理解作者所要傳達的信息、得出文章的深層意義及隱含意義的過程。它主要考查考生理清上下文邏輯關系的能力和考生的識別能力。 縱觀近三年新課標全國卷，可以看出每年推理判斷題的考查比例都在4～5個小題。簡單的推理題所涉及的內容可能是文中某一句話，也可能是某幾句話或某段落，要求考生在遵循原文意義的基礎上，對文章字面信息進行分析、挖掘、邏輯推理，揭示其深層含義。而較復雜的題目常常在理解全文的內容和結構的基礎上，進行邏輯推理。 專題一　閱讀理解 解答推理判斷題要以文字信息為依據，既不能作出在原文中找不到依據的推理，也不能根據表面文字信息進行多余推理。也就是說，要做到判斷有據，推論有理，忠實原文。切忌用自己的觀點代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面結論。 專題一　閱讀理解 細 節 推 斷 題 細節推斷題是推理判斷題中比較簡單的一類試題，它要求考生根據語篇中具體的內容和信息點，推斷出文章中具體的細節，如時間、地點、人物關系、人物身份、事件等。解答此類試題時，一般可根據短文所提供的信息或者借助生活常識進行推理判斷。考生只要正確把握文章的內在關系，理解文章的真正含義，就可作出準確的推斷。常見的命題形式有： It can be inferred from the passage/text that________． It can be concluded from the passage that________． The author strongly suggests that________． The writer implies but not directly states that________． The writer/author indicates/suggests/implies that________． Which of the following statements does the passage support?

　　(2024·高考天津卷)I never told my mother about my “miraculous”(奇跡般的)experience that summer，but she saw a slow but remarkable improvement in my classroom performance during the next year.And years later，she was proud that her son had read thousands of books，was awarded a PhD in literature，and authored his own books，articles，poetry and fiction.The power of the words has held. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?_______ A．The author has become a successful writer. B．The author’s mother read the same book. C．The author’s mother rewarded him with books. D．The author has had happy summers ever since. A 【解析】　推理判斷題。根據本段的倒數第二句話．..she was proud that her son...authored his own books...可以得知， 作者的媽媽對自己的兒子讀了很多書、創作出版了自己寫的 書、文章、詩歌和小說等感到很自豪，由此可以推知，作者成為了一名成功的作家，A項所述符合題干要求。B項“作者的媽媽讀了同樣一本書”、C項“作者的媽媽獎勵給他 書”、D項“作者自那之后度過了很多快樂的暑期”均為干擾項。 名師點津 對于細節推斷題來說，根據文章中的關鍵信息點進行推斷是解答此類試題的關鍵。考生不但要理解文章的字面含義，還要運用邏輯判斷能力，推斷出文章更深層的含義。同時還要根據文章內容進行推斷，不能憑空猜測。考生要注意站在文章作者或文中人物的立場上，設身處地地考慮實際情景，并據此展開合理的想象和推理。主觀臆斷是許多考生做這類題時普遍存在的一個問題。 作者態度或觀點的推斷 該類型題目考查考生是否了解文章作者或文中人物對某事物所持的觀點或態度。要求考生具有在正確理解文意的基礎上，對觀點或態度傾向進行分析、識別的能力。該類型題目的選項一般含有以下三類詞：①中性詞：uninterested(不感興趣的)，neutral(中立的)等；②褒義詞：positive(積極的)，supportive(支持的)，humorous(滑稽有趣的)，enthusiastic(熱情的)，admiring(贊賞的)等；③貶義詞：disgusted(厭惡的)，critical(批評的)，indifferent(漠不關心的)，negative(否定的，消極的)，disappointed(失望的)等。常見的命題形式有： The attitude of the author towards something is________？ The writer of the passage seems to think that________． What’s the writer’s attitude towards...? What is the author’s opinion on...? What does the author think about...?

　　(2024·高考湖北卷)On the whole，Brooks’s story is acceptable if uninspired.As one would expect，his writing is mostly clear and，to be fair，some chapters stand out above the rest.I enjoyed，for instance，the chapter in which Harold discovers how to think on his own.While Harold and Erica are certainly not strong or memorable characters，the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere.These problems partly involve Brooks’s attempt to translate his tale into science. What is the author’s general attitude towards the book?_____ A．Contradictory.B．Supportive. C．Cautious.

　　D．Critical. D 【解析】　推理判斷題。根據最后一段作者在評價這本書的時候說到“mostly clear and，to be fair，some chapters stand out above the rest；are certainly not strong or memorable characters；the more serious problems with The Social Animal lie elsewhere.These problems partly involve Brooks’s attempt to translate his tale into science.從這些信息可知，作者對這本書持“批評的(critical)”態度，故選D。 名師點津 名師點津 如何解答“心思難猜”的觀點態度類推理判斷題？ 1．一般來說，作者對某一事物的態度往往較為明確，要么支持，要么反對，帶中立色彩的詞語通常是錯誤選項，作者既然寫文章就不會不關心； 2．正確把握文章字里行間的意思，切勿用自己的觀點代替作者的觀點； 3．因為作者往往不直接提出自己的態度或立場，而且作者寫作時也常帶有某種傾向性，所以，考生在讀文章時要細心捕捉表達或暗示情感態度的詞語，捕捉那些烘托氣氛、表達情感的語句； 4．要學會區分不同的觀點，尤其要善于找出作者的觀點。考生要注意文中出現的直接引語和間接引語，出現的觀點一般是當事人的觀點，而不是作者的觀點。作者的觀點一般用in my view，in my opinion，personally，I think，I hold等引出。 寫作意圖的推斷 寫作意圖推斷題要求考生根據文章的論述，揣測作者的寫作意圖。作者一般不直接陳述自己的意圖，而是通過文章所提供的事實，客觀地使讀者信服某種想法或觀點。這種題型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，同時還要具備對作者闡述問題的方法進行歸納總結和分析的能力。常見的命題形式有： What is the main purpose of the author writing the text? The purpose of the text is to get more people to ________． The writer of the story wants to tell us that________． The writer talks about...in order to... The author writes the last paragraph in order to________．

　　(2024·高考天津卷) Once when I was facing a decision that involved high risk，I went to a friend.He looked at me for a moment，and then wrote a sentence containing the best advice I’ve ever had：Be bold and brave—and mighty(強大的) forces will come to your aid. Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past，it was seldom because I had tried and failed.It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all.On the other hand，whenever I had plunged into deep water，forced by courage or circumstance，I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again. Boldness means a decision to bite off more than you are sure you can eat．And there is nothing mysterious about the mighty forces.They are potential powers we possess：energy，skill，sound judgment，creative ideas—even physical strength greater than most of us realize. Admittedly，those mighty forces are spiritual ones.But they are more important than physical ones.A college classmate of mine，Tim，was an excellent football player，even though he weighed much less than the average player.“In one game I suddenly found myself confronting a huge player，who had nothing but me between him and our goal line，”said Tim.“I was so frightened that I closed my eyes and desperately threw myself at that guy like a bullet(子彈)—and stopped him cold.” Boldness—a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme—is not one that can be acquired overnight.But it can be taught to children and developed in adults.Confidence builds up.Surely，there will be setbacks (挫折) and disappointments in life；boldness in itself is no guarantee of success.But the person who tries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the person who tries to do nothing and succeeds. So，always try to live a little bit beyond your abilities—and you’ll find your abilities are greater than you ever dreamed. What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?_______ A．To encourage people to be courageous. B．To advise people to build up physical power. C．To tell people the ways to guarantee success. D．To recommend people to develop more abilities. 【解析】　寫作意圖題。本文首段提到論點“要大膽勇敢地去嘗試”，行文從第二段開始通過列舉事實對此論點進行論證，最后一段回扣主題：努力活得稍微超過你的能力，那么你會發現你的能力比你希望的更大。故本文作者主要的目的是“鼓勵人們要勇敢”，A項所述符合題干要求。 A 名師點津 不同的文章有不同的寫作意圖，歸納起來通常有以下三種：1.to entertain readers(娛樂讀者，讓人發笑)，常見于故事類的文章。2.to persuade readers，to sell a product or a

　　service，to attract more visitors/readers/audience(說服讀者接受某種觀點，購買某種產品或服務，吸引游客、讀者或觀 眾)，多見于廣告類的文章。3.to inform readers(告知讀者某些信息)，多見于科普知識類、資訊報道類或社會文化類的文章。 判斷文章的寫作目的時一定要對文章主題有正確的把握；閱讀時務必找準文章的主旨句，準確歸納文章主題。 文章出處或讀者對象的推斷 推測文章的來源或者推測讀者對象要求考生本身要具備一定的常識，這樣才能把文章的內容與自己已經具備的常識結合起來作出準確推斷。比如考生要對報紙、雜志、網絡、小說、童話、廣告、說明書、旅游指南、藥品說明、操作指南等有基本的了解，這樣才能根據文章的特點對號入座，選出最佳答案。常見的命題形式有： This passage would most likely be found in________． In which of the following publications would this passage most likely be printed? The passage is probably taken out of________． Where does this text probably come from? Where is the passage most likely to have been taken from?

　　(2024·高考廣東卷)When I grew up and entered the business world，I remember hearing my first boss say，“We all need to think like salespeople.” But it didn’t completely make sense.My dad never once said，“If you want to catch a fish you need to think like a fisherman.” What he said was，“You need to think like a fish.” Years later，with great efforts to promote long-term services to people much older and richer than me，I gradually learned what we all need is to think more like customers.It is not an easy job.I will show you how in the following chapters. This passage most likely comes from ________． A．a fishing guide B．a popular sales book C．a novel on childhood D．a millionaire’s biography 【解析】　推理判斷題。根據最后一段內容尤其是最后一句話“I will show you how in the following chapters.”可知，本文很有可能來自一本有關銷售的書。 B 名師點津 推斷文章出處類題目應從文章的內容或結構入手。從文章的內容上來看，主要有說明文(主要涉及廣告和旅游指南等)、 議論文(主要涉及影評、書評、資訊評論、正反對比議論文 等)。從文章的結構上來看，資訊報道類文章一般在第一段概括全文內容，后面陳述細節，前面都會出現日期、地點或通訊社等名稱。廣告的格式特殊，語言簡練。產品說明會出現產品名稱或操作方式等。網站文章通常會出現click，online，web，website，video 等字眼，有時還會提供網址等。旅游指南類文章旨在介紹某一旅游景點的自然景觀和人文特色，目的是吸引游客來訪。 1．嚴格按照閱讀材料中所提供的信息進行推理，千萬不要摻雜自己的主觀想法或經驗； 2．如果某選項中的內容是閱讀材料的簡單重復，那它就不是推論，也就不是正確答案； 3．如果某選項所表達的內容與經驗相吻合，文中卻沒有涉及，那它屬于主觀臆斷的結論，也不是正確答案； 4．如果某個選項表達的內容雖在文中提到，但很片面或很不完整，那也不是正確答案； 5．文中的虛擬語氣和情態動詞(should，must，may，etc.)往往能流露出作者的弦外之音，這有助于我們確定正確答案； 6．某些過渡詞(如：however，but，on the contrary，what’s more)后面所表達的內容往往能反映作者的觀點和態度。 欄目導引 高頻考 點突破 專題針 對訓練 課堂達 標訓練 專題一　閱讀理解