2024年高考英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)課件（通用版）：閱讀理解第4講

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　　閱讀理解 [命題分析] 主旨大意題主要考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括文章或段落的中心大意以及選擇標(biāo)題等形式出現(xiàn)。主旨大意題是閱讀理解題中的高難度能力型題目，能夠拉開(kāi)考生的分?jǐn)?shù)差距，所以此類(lèi)題具有很好的選拔作用。該題型在近三年課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷中幾乎年年都有，一般1～2個(gè)小題。專(zhuān)題一　閱讀理解主旨大意題的選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)：正確選項(xiàng)通常不含細(xì)節(jié)信息和絕對(duì)意義的詞，能概括文章全部?jī)?nèi)容。干擾項(xiàng)通常是以以下方式設(shè)置：(1)以偏概全：概括的范圍過(guò)于狹窄，只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，或者是文章主題的一個(gè)側(cè)面。(2)斷章取義。干擾項(xiàng)常常以文章中的個(gè)別信息或個(gè)別字眼作為選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容，或者以次要的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)冒充全文的主要觀點(diǎn)。(3)主題擴(kuò)大。干擾項(xiàng)所歸納、概括的范圍過(guò)大，超過(guò)文章實(shí)際所討論的內(nèi)容，也就是無(wú)關(guān)信息(文章中未提到或找不到根據(jù)的信息)。注意：因?yàn)榭忌枰x完全文才能把握文章主題，所以在解答此類(lèi)題時(shí)，考生不要急于去找答案，不論它出現(xiàn)在什么位置都永遠(yuǎn)把主旨大意題作為最后一道題來(lái)做。在做完另外幾道題后，無(wú)疑會(huì)有助于考生加深對(duì)整個(gè)文章的理解。專(zhuān)題一　閱讀理解段落大意題段落大意是指一篇文章各個(gè)段落的主要意思，是對(duì)一個(gè)段落的基本內(nèi)容的簡(jiǎn)縮和初步的概括。概括段落大意時(shí)，一定要在把握全段或全文中心的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行，做到圍繞中心，注意連貫，同時(shí)，還要注意段落大意是否與全篇相稱(chēng)。段落大意要用明確、完整、簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)句表達(dá)。其主要設(shè)題形式有： The main idea of the second paragraph is probably that________． What is the last paragraph chiefly concerned with? What does the writer try to express in Paragraph 3? Which of the following can best summarize Paragraph 1? What is the main idea discussed in Paragraph 2?

　　(2024·高考福建卷) Group exercise is one of the most effective ways to improve physical fitness and sustain(保持)a healthy lifestyle.Group exercise is challenging，yet fun and empowering！Of course everyone knows that exercise is good for the body.However，studies have shown that when exercise is performed in groups，it’s not only great for improving physical health but for psychological health.It’s an opportunity to be social，release endorphins(內(nèi)啡肽)，and improve your strength.Additionally，group exercise creates a community feel and the shared common goal motivates participants to work hard.The instrumental support of taking on a fitness journey with others proves more effective than going to the gym alone. The first paragraph focuses on ________． A．the greatest challenge of group exercise B．the most effective way to improve physical fitness C．the contribution of group exercise to psychological health　 D．the shared common goal in performing exercise in groups　【解析】　段落大意題。第一段的開(kāi)頭部分講了群體鍛煉是增進(jìn)身體健康最有效的方式之一(B項(xiàng)內(nèi)容)，而且群體鍛煉具有挑戰(zhàn)性(A項(xiàng)內(nèi)容)，后面也提到共同的目標(biāo)能激勵(lì)參與者努力鍛煉(D項(xiàng)內(nèi)容)，但是這些都是指群體鍛煉對(duì)身體健康的益處。根據(jù)第一段中的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)However(表轉(zhuǎn)折)，not only...but...以及Additionally后的內(nèi)容可知，本段的重點(diǎn)是but for psychological health，即群體鍛煉對(duì)于心理健康很有好處。故選C項(xiàng)。 C 名師點(diǎn)津每個(gè)段落通常都有一個(gè)中心，段落主題句通常會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段落的首句或尾句，有時(shí)也會(huì)在中間。在閱讀中應(yīng)盡量利用有關(guān)信息確定主題句的位置。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，采用歸納法寫(xiě)的段落主題句在段尾；若主題句出現(xiàn)在段首，則文章多為說(shuō)明文和議論文；若文章采用“特殊→一般→特殊”的方式來(lái)寫(xiě)，主題句可能出現(xiàn)在段落的中間。有時(shí)，文章中沒(méi)有明顯的主題句，考生要學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)段落的內(nèi)容概括出主題句。文章的主旨是通過(guò)段落來(lái)表達(dá)的，而段落的大意主要由主題句來(lái)體現(xiàn)，所以段落的主題句是構(gòu)成文章中心思想的有機(jī)組成部分。因此，識(shí)別各段落的主題句并由此歸納出文章的中心思想是解答該類(lèi)題的關(guān)鍵?？焖匍喿x文章找出各個(gè)段落的主題句，把各個(gè)段落的主題句聯(lián)系起來(lái)并著眼全文結(jié)構(gòu)安排，就能概括出文章的中心。其主要設(shè)題形式有：文章大意題 The main purpose of the article is to show that________． What is the main idea of the passage? The writer of the passage wants to tell us that________． The passage is mainly about________． Which of the following can best summarize the passage? What is the subject discussed in the passage? What does the passage mainly deal with?

　　(2024·高考重慶卷) At thirteen，I was diagnosed (診斷) with a kind of attention disorder.It made school difficult for me.When everyone else in the class was focusing on tasks，I could not. In my first literature class，Mrs.Smith asked us to read a story and then write on it，all within 45 minutes.I raised my hand right away and said，“Mrs.Smith，you see，the doctor said I have attention problems.I might not be able to do it.” She glanced down at me through her glasses，“You are no different from your classmates，young man.” I tried，but I didn’t finish the reading when the bell rang.I had to take it home. In the quietness of my bedroom，the story suddenly all became clear to me.It was about a blind person，Louis Braille.He lived in a time when the blind couldn’t get much education.But Louis didn’t give up.Instead，he invented a reading system of raised dots (點(diǎn))，which opened up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind. Wasn’t I the “blind” in my class，being made to learn like the “sighted” students？My thoughts spilled out and my pen started to dance.I completed the task within 40 minutes.Indeed，I was no different from others；I just needed a quieter place.If Louis could find his way out of his problems，why should I ever give up? I didn’t expect anything when I handed in my paper to Mrs.Smith，so it was quite a surprise when it came back to me the next day—with an “A” on it.At the bottom of the paper were these words：“See what you can do when you keep trying？” What is the main idea of the passage?________ A．The disabled should be treated with respect. B．A teacher can open up a new world to students. C．One can find his way out of difficulties with efforts. D．Everyone needs a hand when faced with challenges. C 【解析】　主旨大意題。作者是一個(gè)有注意力障礙癥的學(xué)生，因?yàn)樯险n不能集中精力而不得不把作業(yè)拿回家去做，在安靜的環(huán)境下終于完成了。閱讀材料的內(nèi)容也給了他很大的啟發(fā)，說(shuō)明只要不懈努力就一定能戰(zhàn)勝困難取得成功。文章強(qiáng)調(diào)的是不懈努力的重要性，而不是對(duì)殘障人士的尊重、老師對(duì)學(xué)生的作用或困境中的幫助，故A、B、D三項(xiàng)均有偏差，應(yīng)選C項(xiàng)。名師點(diǎn)津但是考生在解答文章主旨大意類(lèi)試題時(shí)，常會(huì)出現(xiàn)看懂文章卻做錯(cuò)題這一現(xiàn)象。因?yàn)榭忌谶x擇文章主旨大意時(shí)，常會(huì)犯以偏概全的錯(cuò)誤。要避免出現(xiàn)這種錯(cuò)誤，考生首先要明白自己懂的是全文的中心思想還是細(xì)節(jié)，懂的是全部詞匯的字面意思還是其蘊(yùn)含的意義；然后以“三主一問(wèn)”作為解題思路?！叭鳌敝肝恼碌闹黝}思想、文章的結(jié)構(gòu)主線和關(guān)鍵句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)?！耙粏?wèn)”指根據(jù)文章后面所設(shè)的問(wèn)題來(lái)發(fā)問(wèn)：此題的考查點(diǎn)是什么？考生一定要讀懂題干，這樣在閱讀文章時(shí)才能站得高，看得遠(yuǎn)，從而知全局。標(biāo)題是文章中心思想的精煉表達(dá)形式。文章標(biāo)題既考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力，又要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、歸納、判斷等邏輯思維方法，對(duì)文章的主題和中心進(jìn)行高度的概括或提煉，并迅速而準(zhǔn)確地選擇文章的標(biāo)題?？忌谧鰳?biāo)題歸納類(lèi)試題時(shí)要注意標(biāo)題的三個(gè)特性，即醒目性、概括性和針對(duì)性。解題時(shí)要抓住文章的首尾段和每一段的首尾句，要注意貫穿文章始終的詞語(yǔ)。其主要設(shè)題形式有：標(biāo) 題歸納題 What is the best title for this passage? Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? The title that best expresses the idea of the passage is________． The most suitable title of this passage is________． What would be the most suitable title for the text?

　　(2024·高考全國(guó)卷Ⅱ) Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.You can make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here are some ways to turn your home into part of your diet plan. Open the curtains and turn up the lights.Dark environments are more likely to encourage overeating，for people are often less self-conscious (難為情) when they’re in poorly lit places—and so more likely to eat lots of food.If your home doesn’t have enough window light，get more lamps and flood the place with brightness. Mind the colors.Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites.In one study，people who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room.Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing，while cold colors make us feel less hungry.So when it’s time to repaint，go blue. Don’t forget the clock—or the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories (卡路里) per meal than those who rush through their meals.Begin keeping track of the time，and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes.And while you’re at it，actually sit down to eat.If you need some help slowing down，turn on relaxing music.It makes you less likely to rush through a meal. Downsize the dishes.Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat.We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate.When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one，total intake (攝入) jumps by 14 percent.And we’ll pour about 30 percent more liquid into a short，wide glass than a tall，skinny glass. What can be a suitable title for the text?________ A．Is Your House Making You Fat? B．Ways of Serving Dinner C．Effects of Self-Consciousness D．Is Your Home Environment Relaxing? A 【解析】　標(biāo)題歸納題。本文主要介紹了墻壁的顏色、房間的亮度、吃飯的速度以及吃飯時(shí)使用的器皿大小等都與一個(gè)人的身材有關(guān)。因此A項(xiàng)“你的房子正讓你發(fā)胖嗎？”最適合做文章標(biāo)題。B項(xiàng)“提供正餐的方式”，C項(xiàng) “自我意識(shí)的作用”，D項(xiàng)“你家的環(huán)境令人放松嗎？”，均與本文的主題不符。名師點(diǎn)津選定標(biāo)題的四大標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：(1)精——概括文章中心思想的語(yǔ)言要精練；(2)準(zhǔn)——注意文章的內(nèi)涵和外延，作者的觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)得要準(zhǔn)確；(3)統(tǒng)——標(biāo)題要能統(tǒng)領(lǐng)文章的細(xì)節(jié)信息；(4)新——標(biāo)題要新穎，對(duì)讀者有吸引力，能激發(fā)讀者的閱讀興趣。所以選擇標(biāo)題時(shí)我們要做到：(1)要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上，仔細(xì)考慮所給選項(xiàng)與文章主題是否有密切的聯(lián)系。(2)看它對(duì)文章的概括是否準(zhǔn)確，覆蓋面是否夠廣。注意避免下列三種錯(cuò)誤：①概括不夠(多表現(xiàn)為以部分代替整體，從而導(dǎo)致范圍太小)；②過(guò)度概括(多表現(xiàn)為人為地?cái)U(kuò)大范圍)；③以具體細(xì)節(jié)替代主旨大意。

　　(2024·高考福建卷) Group exercise is one of the most effective ways to improve physical fitness and sustain(保持)a healthy lifestyle.Group exercise is challenging，yet fun and empowering！Of course everyone knows that exercise is good for the body.However，studies have shown that when exercise is performed in groups，it’s not only great for improving physical health but for psychological health.It’s an opportunity to be social，release endorphins(內(nèi)啡肽)，and improve your strength.Additionally，group exercise creates a community feel and the shared common goal motivates participants to work hard.The instrumental support of taking on a fitness journey with others proves more effective than going to the gym alone. The first paragraph focuses on ________． A．the greatest challenge of group exercise B．the most effective way to improve physical fitness C．the contribution of group exercise to psychological health　 D．the shared common goal in performing exercise in groups　【解析】　段落大意題。第一段的開(kāi)頭部分講了群體鍛煉是增進(jìn)身體健康最有效的方式之一(B項(xiàng)內(nèi)容)，而且群體鍛煉具有挑戰(zhàn)性(A項(xiàng)內(nèi)容)，后面也提到共同的目標(biāo)能激勵(lì)參與者努力鍛煉(D項(xiàng)內(nèi)容)，但是這些都是指群體鍛煉對(duì)身體健康的益處。根據(jù)第一段中的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)However(表轉(zhuǎn)折)，not only...but...以及Additionally后的內(nèi)容可知，本段的重點(diǎn)是but for psychological health，即群體鍛煉對(duì)于心理健康很有好處。故選C項(xiàng)。 C 名師點(diǎn)津每個(gè)段落通常都有一個(gè)中心，段落主題句通常會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段落的首句或尾句，有時(shí)也會(huì)在中間。在閱讀中應(yīng)盡量利用有關(guān)信息確定主題句的位置。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，采用歸納法寫(xiě)的段落主題句在段尾；若主題句出現(xiàn)在段首，則文章多為說(shuō)明文和議論文；若文章采用“特殊→一般→特殊”的方式來(lái)寫(xiě)，主題句可能出現(xiàn)在段落的中間。有時(shí)，文章中沒(méi)有明顯的主題句，考生要學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)段落的內(nèi)容概括出主題句。文章的主旨是通過(guò)段落來(lái)表達(dá)的，而段落的大意主要由主題句來(lái)體現(xiàn)，所以段落的主題句是構(gòu)成文章中心思想的有機(jī)組成部分。因此，識(shí)別各段落的主題句并由此歸納出文章的中心思想是解答該類(lèi)題的關(guān)鍵。快速閱讀文章找出各個(gè)段落的主題句，把各個(gè)段落的主題句聯(lián)系起來(lái)并著眼全文結(jié)構(gòu)安排，就能概括出文章的中心。其主要設(shè)題形式有：文章大意題 The main purpose of the article is to show that________． What is the main idea of the passage? The writer of the passage wants to tell us that________． The passage is mainly about________． Which of the following can best summarize the passage? What is the subject discussed in the passage? What does the passage mainly deal with?

　　(2024·高考重慶卷) At thirteen，I was diagnosed (診斷) with a kind of attention disorder.It made school difficult for me.When everyone else in the class was focusing on tasks，I could not. In my first literature class，Mrs.Smith asked us to read a story and then write on it，all within 45 minutes.I raised my hand right away and said，“Mrs.Smith，you see，the doctor said I have attention problems.I might not be able to do it.” She glanced down at me through her glasses，“You are no different from your classmates，young man.” I tried，but I didn’t finish the reading when the bell rang.I had to take it home. In the quietness of my bedroom，the story suddenly all became clear to me.It was about a blind person，Louis Braille.He lived in a time when the blind couldn’t get much education.But Louis didn’t give up.Instead，he invented a reading system of raised dots (點(diǎn))，which opened up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind. Wasn’t I the “blind” in my class，being made to learn like the “sighted” students？My thoughts spilled out and my pen started to dance.I completed the task within 40 minutes.Indeed，I was no different from others；I just needed a quieter place.If Louis could find his way out of his problems，why should I ever give up? I didn’t expect anything when I handed in my paper to Mrs.Smith，so it was quite a surprise when it came back to me the next day—with an “A” on it.At the bottom of the paper were these words：“See what you can do when you keep trying？” What is the main idea of the passage?________ A．The disabled should be treated with respect. B．A teacher can open up a new world to students. C．One can find his way out of difficulties with efforts. D．Everyone needs a hand when faced with challenges. C 【解析】　主旨大意題。作者是一個(gè)有注意力障礙癥的學(xué)生，因?yàn)樯险n不能集中精力而不得不把作業(yè)拿回家去做，在安靜的環(huán)境下終于完成了。閱讀材料的內(nèi)容也給了他很大的啟發(fā)，說(shuō)明只要不懈努力就一定能戰(zhàn)勝困難取得成功。文章強(qiáng)調(diào)的是不懈努力的重要性，而不是對(duì)殘障人士的尊重、老師對(duì)學(xué)生的作用或困境中的幫助，故A、B、D三項(xiàng)均有偏差，應(yīng)選C項(xiàng)。名師點(diǎn)津但是考生在解答文章主旨大意類(lèi)試題時(shí)，常會(huì)出現(xiàn)看懂文章卻做錯(cuò)題這一現(xiàn)象。因?yàn)榭忌谶x擇文章主旨大意時(shí)，常會(huì)犯以偏概全的錯(cuò)誤。要避免出現(xiàn)這種錯(cuò)誤，考生首先要明白自己懂的是全文的中心思想還是細(xì)節(jié)，懂的是全部詞匯的字面意思還是其蘊(yùn)含的意義；然后以“三主一問(wèn)”作為解題思路。“三主”指文章的主題思想、文章的結(jié)構(gòu)主線和關(guān)鍵句的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)?！耙粏?wèn)”指根據(jù)文章后面所設(shè)的問(wèn)題來(lái)發(fā)問(wèn)：此題的考查點(diǎn)是什么？考生一定要讀懂題干，這樣在閱讀文章時(shí)才能站得高，看得遠(yuǎn)，從而知全局。標(biāo)題是文章中心思想的精煉表達(dá)形式。文章標(biāo)題既考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力，又要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、歸納、判斷等邏輯思維方法，對(duì)文章的主題和中心進(jìn)行高度的概括或提煉，并迅速而準(zhǔn)確地選擇文章的標(biāo)題。考生在做標(biāo)題歸納類(lèi)試題時(shí)要注意標(biāo)題的三個(gè)特性，即醒目性、概括性和針對(duì)性。解題時(shí)要抓住文章的首尾段和每一段的首尾句，要注意貫穿文章始終的詞語(yǔ)。其主要設(shè)題形式有：標(biāo) 題歸納題 What is the best title for this passage? Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? The title that best expresses the idea of the passage is________． The most suitable title of this passage is________． What would be the most suitable title for the text?