每日一練3

　　倒數第周星期

　　A

　　Jeffrey Bezos, founder, president and chairman of the board of Amazon.com, was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico. His mother’s ancestors were early settlers in Texas, and over the generations had acquired a 25,000 acre farm at Cotulla. Jeffrey spent most summers of his youth working with his grandfather on their farm.

　　Jeffrey showed intense and varied scientific interests at an early age. He set up an electric alarm to keep his younger sisters and brothers out of his room and changed his parents’ garage into a laboratory for his science projects.

　　After he graduated from Princeton University with a degree in computer science and electrical engineering, Jeffrey Bezos found employment on Wall Street, where computer science was increasingly in demand to study market trends. He rose quickly, becoming a senior vice president, and looked forward to a bright career in finance, when he made a discovery that changed his life, and the course of business history.

　　In 1994, there was still no internet commerce to speak of. One day that spring, Jeffrey Bezos observed that Internet usage was increasing by 2300 percent a year. He saw an opportunity for a new circle of commerce, and immediately began considering the possibilities.

　　Bezos founded Amazon.com in 1994, setting up the original company in his garage. The company was called Amazon for the seemingly endless South American river with its numberless branches. It started as an online bookstore but soon diversified to all kinds of products. His work with Amazon eventually led him to become one of the most excellent dot-com entrepreneurs. He was named Time magazine’s Person of the Year in 1999. In 2008, he was selected by U.S. News & World Report as one of America’s Best Leaders. Bezos’ Amazon has become “the Earth’s biggest anything store”. Amazon.com is now called “one of the smartest strategies in business history”.

　　Today, Jeffrey Bezos lives north of Seattle and is increasingly concerned with charity activities. “Giving away money takes as much attention as building a successful company,” he said.

　　36. In his childhood, Bezos ______.

　　A. had to work with his grandfather on their farm all day long

　　B. showed great interest in science

　　C. didn’t get along well with his brothers and sisters

　　D. wanted to become a businessman

　　37. Jeffrey changed the course of business history because he ______.

　　A. looked forward to a bright career in finance on Wall Street

　　B. considered the possibility of setting up an original company

　　C. founded a new form of commerce that developed fast later

　　D. was the first to speak of Internet commerce

　　38. Which of the following isn’t mentioned in the passage?

　　A. How hard Bezos studied in Princeton University.

　　B. “Amazon.com” only sold books in the beginning.

　　C. Bezos not only devoted his life to Internet commerce but also to charity.

　　D. The reason why Jeffrey Bezos decided to found Amazon.com.

　　39. It can be inferred from the passage that ______.

　　A. it was Bezos’s grandfather on the farm who helped him a lot

　　B. Bezos invented e-commerce to win the world fame overnight

　　C. Bezos has a sharp business mind and a kind heart

　　D. Bezos aimed at setting up “the Earth’s biggest bookstore”

　　B

　　WASHINGTON---At least four more U.S. air-traffic controllers are caught nodding off on the job at three separate airports across the nation, the government said Wednesday.

　　The controller working alone in the tower fell asleep and was out of communication for 16 minutes while a medical flight carrying a patient was trying to land at about 2 A.M. Wednesday at Reno-Tahoe International Airport in Nevada, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) said in a statement.

　　The FAA announced that it is also investigating a controller who fell asleep Monday at Boeing King County International Airport in Seattle and two controllers who were unresponsive at McGhee Tyson Airport in Knoxville, Tennessee on Feb.19.

　　“I am sick of this,” Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation Chairman Jay Rockefeller, a West Virginia Democrat, said in a statement. “We can’t have a system where some of the people responsible for safety are asleep at the switch.”

　　As the incidents pile up, sleep experts say it demonstrates that the agency faces a systemic issue with the thousands of people expected to work through the night in safety-critical jobs. Scientific research shows that workers on midnight shifts make more errors because it is so difficult for the body to adapt to sleeping during the day, they say.

　　The agency will add an extra controller at the 27 towers staffed with one worker on the midnight shift, the FAA statement said.

　　Representative John Mica, the Florida Republican who chairs the House transportation committee, criticized the decision to add controllers. “Only in the federal government would you double up on workers, averaging $161,000 per year in salary and benefits, that aren’t doing their job,” Mica said in a statement. Mica has pushed legislation that would allow as many as 90 smaller airports to switch from federal to private controllers.

　　“People have known these problems with fatigue（疲勞）have existed for years,” said John Goglia, a Boston-based aviation safety consultant. “They’re now showing up. The FAA is admitting they exist. Now the FAA needs to work on it.”

　　The four controllers in Nevada, Seattle and Texas have been suspended(暫時停職) during the investigations, the FAA said.

　　40. The underlined part “double up on workers” means “______”.

　　A. add two more workers

　　B. staff two workers at a post

　　C. settle two workers in a double room D. give the workers double pay

　　41. According to John Goglia, fatigue problem ______.

　　A. is a known potential danger

　　B. has never appeared before

　　C. is common for day-time shift workers

　　D. seldom shows up at night

　　42. Which statement is true?

　　A. A controller fell asleep without communication for 16 minutes in Knoxville, Tennessee.

　　B. A medical flight carrying a patient failed to land with the controller asleep.

　　C. Jay Rockefeller pays little attention to sleeping at the switch.

　　D. Mica refused to support the decision to staff more controllers on the midnight shift.

　　43. We can infer from the passage that ______.

　　A. All the controllers in the US were working alone while they were on duty

　　B. The incidents are rooted in fatigue problems and those on midnight shifts need an extra nap

　　C. In the U.S. , thousands of people expect to work through the night in safety-critical jobs

　　D. The agency has added an extra controller at the 27 towers

　　C

　　Dogs may not know exactly what you are doing especially when you’re trying to figure out a square root or diagram a sentence. But according to a new study, dogs can understand what we’re thinking and feeling by reading our facial expressions and body language and following our eyes.

　　Researchers studied 29 dogs. The dogs were shown a movie where a woman looked directly at them and said “Hi dog!” Then, the woman looked at a flowerpot sitting next to her. The researchers found that when the woman looked at and spoke directly to a dog, the dog usually followed her eyes to the flowerpot. It proved that the dogs knew that the woman was thinking about the flowerpot.

　　“By following the eye movements of dogs, we were able to get a first-hand look at how their minds are actually working,” said Jozsef, the senior researcher.

　　Later in the movie, the woman said “Hi dogs” in a low voice and didn’t look at the dog before looking at the flowerpot. In that situation, the dogs didn’t seem to understand what the woman was thinking. There was no eye contact, and the woman didn’t appear to speak to the dogs directly.

　　That comes as no surprise to dog trainer Jones. “Dogs normally speak through nonverbal signals. It’s more natural to them,” she said. “If you’ve ever watched dogs at a dog park, you’ve seen it. Within 30 seconds they enter the park, much information has passed between the new dog and the ones already in the park. They’re exchanging looks, observing eyes and body posture. On the other hand, when you speak to a dog, they are learning a foreign language.”

　　Picking up your nonverbal signals seems more natural. So, if you were hoping that all this means your dog could help you solve your math problems, you’re probably out of luck. But he or she might be a lot more in tune with what you’re thinking than you previously thought.

　　44. How could the researchers find that the dogs understood the woman’s intention?

　　A. By speaking to them directly.

　　B. By reading their eye movements.

　　C. By following their facial expressions.

　　D. By asking the dog trainer questions.

　　45. According to the text, Jones finds that ______.

　　A. dogs usually speak through verbal signals

　　B. dogs learn a great deal more at a dog park

　　C. dogs can understand humans’ words easily

　　D. dogs speak through eyes and body language

　　46. It is implied in the text that dogs can read your emotions only if ______.

　　A. you manage to get their attention

　　B. you like making friends with them

　　C. you are familiar with their behavior

　　D. you can pick up their verbal signals

　　47. What does the underlined phrase “be in tune with” in the last paragraph mean?

　　A. refuse

　　B. approve

　　C. understand

　　D. love

　　D

　　Throughout this long, tense election, everyone has focused on the presidential candidates and how they’ll change America. Rightly so. But selfishly, I’m more fascinated by Michelle Obama and what she might be able to do, not just for this country, but for me as an African-American woman. As the potential First Lady, she would have the world’s attention. And that means that for the first time people will have a chance to get up close and personal with the type of African woman they so rarely see.

　　Usually, the lives of black women go largely unexamined. The widespread theory seems to be that we’re all hot-tempered single mothers who can’t keep a man. Even in the world of make-believe, black women still can’t escape the stereotype (模式化的形象) of being eye-rolling, oversexed females raised by our never-married, alcoholic mothers.

　　These images have helped define the way all black women are viewed, including Michelle Obama. Before she ever gets the chance to commit to a cause, charity or foundation as First Lady, her most urgent and perhaps most complicated duty may be simply to be herself.

　　It won’t be easy. Because few mainstream publications (出版物) have done in-depth features on regular African-American women, little is known about who we are, what we think and what we face on a regular basis. For better or worse, Michelle will represent us all.

　　Just as she will have her critics, she will have millions of fans who usually have little interest in the First Lady. Many African-American blogs have written about what they’d like to see Michelle bring to the White House — mainly showing the world that a black woman can support her man and raise a strong black family. Michelle will have to work to please everyone — an impossible task. But for many African-American women like me, just a little of her poise (沉著), confidence and intelligence will go a long way in changing an image that’s been around far too long.

　　Why does Michelle Obama hold a strong fascination for the author?

　　A. She serves as a role model for African-American women.

　　B. She possesses many admirable qualities becoming a First Lady.

　　C. She will present to the world a new image of African-American women.

　　D. She will pay close attention to the interests of African-American women.

　　What is the common stereotype of African-American women according to the author?

　　A. They are victims of family violence.

　　B. They are of an inferior social group.

　　C. They use quite a lot of body language.

　　D. They live on charity and social welfare.

　　What do many African-Americans write about in their blogs?

　　A. Whether Michelle can live up to the high expectations of her fans.

　　B. How Michelle should behave as public figure.

　　C. How proud they are to have a black woman in the White House.

　　D. What Michelle should do as wife and mother in the White House.

　　What does the author say about Michelle Obama as a First Lady?

　　A. However many fans she has, she should remain modest.

　　B. She shouldn’t disappoint the African-American community.

　　C. However hard she tries, she can’t expect to please everybody.

　　D. She will concern herself with African-American women’s welfare.

　　E

　　It is pretty much a one-way street. While it may be common for university researchers to try their luck in the commercial world, there is very little traffic in the opposite direction. Pay has always been the biggest deterrent, as people with families often feel they cannot afford the drop in salary when moving to a university job. For some industrial scientists, however, the attractions of academia (學術界) are more important than any financial considerations.

　　Helen Lee took a 70% cut in salary when she moved from a senior post in Abbott Laboratories to a medical department at the University of Cambridge. Her main reason for returning to academia in the middle of her career was to take advantage of the greater freedom to choose research questions.

　　The effect of a salary cut is probably less serious for a scientist in the early stages of a career. Guy Grant, now a research associate at the Unilever Centre for Molecular Informatics at the University of Cambridge, spent two years working for a pharmaceutical (制藥的) company before returning to university as a post-doctoral(博士后的) researcher. He took a 30% salary cut but felt it worthwhile for the greater intellectual opportunities.

　　Higher up the ladder, where a pay cut is usually more significant, the demand for scientists with a wealth of experience in industry is forcing universities to make the transition (轉換) to academia more attractive, according to Lee. Industrial scientists tend to receive training that academics do not, such as how to manage budgets and negotiate contracts. They are also well placed to bring something extra to their teaching that will help students get a job when they graduate, says Lee, perhaps experience in manufacturing practice or product development. “Only a small number of undergraduates will continue in an academic career. So someone leaving university who already has the skills needed to work in an industrial lab has far more potential in the job market than someone who has spent all their time on a narrow research project.”

　　52. By “a one-way street” (Line 1, Para. 1), the author means ______.

　　　 A. university researchers know little about the commercial world

　　　 B. there is little exchange between industry and academia

　　　 C. few industrial scientists would quit to work in a university

　　　 D. few university professors are willing to do industrial research

　　53. The underlined word “deterrent” (Line 3, Para. 1) most probably refers to something that ______.

　　　 A. keeps someone from taking action

　　B. encourages someone to succeed

　　C. attracts people’s attention

　　D. brings someone a financial burden54. What was Helen Lee’s major consideration when she changed her job in the middle of her career?

　　A. Flexible working hours.

　　B. Her research interests.

　　C. Peaceful life on campus.

　　D. Her fame in academia.

　　55. What contribution can industrial scientists make when they come to teach in a university?

　　　 A. Increase its graduates’ competitiveness in the job market.

　　　 B. Develop its students’ potential in research.

　　　 C. Help to get financial support from industry.

　　　 D. Get more students interested in the field of industry.