宗教自由:基督徒與獅子

由雕龍文庫(kù) 分享時(shí)間：2024-03-25 16:08:41 收藏本文

宗教自由:基督徒與獅子

The worlds most widely followed faith is gathering persecutors, even non-Christians should worry about that.

世界上最流行的宗教信仰正在各處受到壓制，即使非基督徒也應(yīng)對(duì)此關(guān)切。

CHRISTIANITY is growing almost as fast as humanity itself, but its 2.2 billion adherents cannot count on safety in numbers. That is partly because the locus of the worlds largest religion is shifting to hotter (in several senses) parts of the world. According to a report published by the Pew Forum in December, the Christian share of the population of sub-Saharan Africa has soared over the past century, from 9% to 63%. Meanwhile, the think-tank says, the Christian proportion of Europeans and people in the Americas has dropped, respectively, from 95% to 76% and from 96% to 86%.

基督教徒的數(shù)量幾乎和世界人口數(shù)量同步增長(zhǎng)，但是，22億信徒的眾多數(shù)量并不能自然地保障他們的安全。部分原因是，這個(gè)世界上最大宗教的地域越益向世界更熱的地方擴(kuò)展（這里熱字有多種含義）。據(jù)Pew論壇今年12月發(fā)表的一份報(bào)告，黑非洲（撒哈拉以南）的基督教人口占總?cè)丝诘谋壤谏蟼€(gè)世紀(jì)中從9%猛增至63%。與此同時(shí)，歐洲和美國(guó)人口中基督徒的比例卻分別從95%和96%降到76%和86%。

But moving from the jaded north to the dynamic south does not portend an easy future. In Nigeria scores of Christians have died in Islamist bomb attacks, targeting Christmas prayers. In Iran and Pakistan Christians are on death row, for apostasyquitting Islamor blasphemy. Dozens of churches in Indonesia have been attacked or shut. Two-thirds of Iraqs pre-war Christian population have fled. In Egypt and Syria, where secular despots gave Christianity a shield of sorts, political upheaval and Muslim zeal threaten ancient Christian groups. Not all Christianitys woes are down to Muslims. The faith faces harassment in formally communist China and Vietnam. In India Hindu nationalists want to penalise Christians who make converts. In the Holy Land local churches are caught between Israeli encroachment on their property and Islamist bids to monopolise Palestinian life. Followers of Jesus may yet become a rarity in his homeland.

但是，基督教從疲憊的北方向富有活力的南方擴(kuò)展，并不能預(yù)示基督徒在南方的安寧生活。在尼日利亞，幾十名基督徒在針對(duì)圣誕節(jié)祈禱者的伊斯蘭炸彈襲擊中死亡。在伊朗和巴基斯坦，基督徒因?yàn)樽児?jié)（放棄原來(lái)的伊斯蘭信仰）或褻瀆罪被判死刑。在印尼，幾十座教堂被襲擊或關(guān)閉。在伊拉克，戰(zhàn)前基督教人口的三分之二已逃離那里。在埃及和敘利亞，雖然世俗的獨(dú)裁者多少給了基督徒一些保護(hù)，但政治動(dòng)蕩和穆斯林的狂熱在威脅著那里歷史悠久的基督教團(tuán)體。此外，穆斯林并不是基督徒遭受磨難的唯一根源。基督教信仰在形式上的共產(chǎn)主義國(guó)家中國(guó)和越南也受到煩擾。在印度，印度教民族主義者要求懲罰那些變換信仰轉(zhuǎn)為基督徒的人。在耶路撒冷圣地，當(dāng)?shù)氐慕烫檬艿絻煞矫娴膴A擊：以色列人對(duì)基督教財(cái)產(chǎn)的侵蝕和巴勒斯坦人獨(dú)占耶路撒冷的要求。耶穌的家鄉(xiāng)可能會(huì)罕見(jiàn)基督徒了。

Compared both with the wars of religion that once tore Christendom apart and with various modern intra-faith struggles, such as those within Islam, little blood is being spilt. But the brutality matters. Even if Western powers no longer see promoting Christianitys interests as a geopolitical priority, it is hard to imagine American evangelicals ignoring a full-scale clampdown on house churches in China. And whatever their own beliefs, Western voters have other reasons to worry about the fate of Christians. Regimes or societies that persecute Christians tend to oppress other minorities too. Sunni Muslims who demonise Christians loathe Shias. Once religion is involved, any conflict becomes harder to solve.

與歷史上那些基督教徒之間的宗教戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和現(xiàn)代的宗教內(nèi)部沖突（如伊斯蘭）比較起來(lái)，目前對(duì)基督教的煩擾還不算太血腥，但仍然是殘酷的。即便西方大國(guó)已不再把擴(kuò)展基督教作為地緣政治的優(yōu)先目標(biāo)，仍然很難想象美國(guó)的傳教士們會(huì)漠視中國(guó)對(duì)家庭教堂的全面禁止。不管他們自己的宗教信仰是什么，西方的選民們有其它原因?qū)浇掏降拿\(yùn)感到關(guān)切。因?yàn)椋瑝褐苹浇痰恼?quán)或社會(huì)通常也會(huì)壓制其他少數(shù)人群。把基督徒視為魔鬼的遜尼派穆斯林同樣詛咒什葉派穆斯林。只要宗教問(wèn)題纏繞進(jìn)來(lái)，任何沖突都變得難以化解。

Just dont call it a crusade

絕非十字軍運(yùn)動(dòng)[注2]

Among liberal values, the freedom to profess any religion or none has a central place. Americas government is bound by law to promote that liberty. In line with its own ideals, America is rightly as concerned by the persecution of Muslims of any stripe as by the travails of Christians in China or Jews and Bahais in Iran. And it objects when Christian lands, like Belarus, practise persecution. Other more secular Western countries should do more to defend that right.

在自由主義的價(jià)值觀念中，信教或不信教的自由有著極為重要的地位。美國(guó)政府有促進(jìn)宗教自由的法律義務(wù)。基于它自己的理念，美國(guó)理應(yīng)對(duì)所有形式的宗教壓制感到關(guān)切：不管是穆斯林受到的迫害，還是中國(guó)的基督教徒、伊朗的猶太教徒和巴黑伊教派經(jīng)受的磨難，都是一樣。當(dāng)基督教占統(tǒng)治地位的國(guó)家（如白俄羅斯）發(fā)生壓制其他宗教現(xiàn)象時(shí)，美國(guó)同樣表示了反對(duì)。其它宗教色彩較淡的西方國(guó)家也應(yīng)當(dāng)在保護(hù)宗教自由上承擔(dān)更多責(zé)任。

What about those who see persecuting other religions as part of their calling? No faith is blameless: from Delhi to Jerusalem many of those stirring up hatred are men of God. But there is a specific problem with Islam. Islamic law (though not the Koran) has often mandated death for people leaving the faith. There are signs of change. The 57-member Organisation of Islamic Co-operation has, with American encouragement, toned down its bid to outlaw blasphemy in various UN resolutions. It also condemned the attacks in Nigeria. But more Muslim leaders need to accept that changing creed is a legal right. On that one point, the West should not back down. Otherwise believers, whether Christian or not, remain in peril.

有些人把迫害其他宗教看做是自己的使命，這在各個(gè)宗教里都不少見(jiàn)：從德里到耶路撒冷，很多煽動(dòng)宗教仇恨的人自稱為神意的執(zhí)行者。但伊斯蘭的問(wèn)題更大一些。依照伊斯蘭法（不是可蘭經(jīng)），對(duì)于改變信仰的人通常必須執(zhí)行死刑。不過(guò)，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有改變的跡象。有57個(gè)成員國(guó)的伊斯蘭合作組織，已不再要求把一些聯(lián)合國(guó)決議中的詞句視為褻瀆伊斯蘭和非法，這個(gè)態(tài)度得到了美國(guó)的鼓勵(lì)。這個(gè)組織還譴責(zé)了尼日利亞發(fā)生的襲擊基督教徒的事件。但是，更多的穆斯林領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人需要承認(rèn)人們改變信仰的權(quán)利。在這一點(diǎn)上，西方不應(yīng)退縮。不然的話，宗教信徒們（不管是不是基督教徒）仍然難以擺脫困境。