如果讓你說(shuō)出歷史上重要的發(fā)明家，你可能會(huì)先從愛(ài)迪生，貝爾或達(dá)芬奇說(shuō)起。那你知道瑪麗?安德森或安冢本嗎？下面列舉的九項(xiàng)發(fā)明都來(lái)自勇于突破的女性。如果沒(méi)有她們，我們根本無(wú)法使用到這些產(chǎn)品。

1. Computer software - Grace Hopper

1.電腦軟件—格蕾絲?霍珀

After joining the US Navy during the World War II, Rear Admiral Grace Hopper was assigned to work on a new computer, called the Mark 1.

二戰(zhàn)期間加入美國(guó)海軍后，海軍少將格蕾絲?霍珀被指派開(kāi)發(fā)新電腦。這個(gè)電腦名為馬克1。

It wasn't long before she was at the forefront of computer programming in the 1950s.

不久后，她便成為20世紀(jì)50年代計(jì)算機(jī)編程的領(lǐng)頭人物。

She was behind the compiler, which could translate instructions into code that computers can read, making programming quicker and ultimately revolutionizing how computers worked.

霍珀是編程器背后的英雄。編程器可以將指示轉(zhuǎn)換為電腦可讀寫(xiě)的代碼，加速編程進(jìn)程，最終改變電腦的運(yùn)行方式。

Hopper also helped popularized the term "de-bugging" that we still use on computers programs today, after a moth was removed from inside her machine.

霍珀在自己的電腦里抓出一只飛蛾后，便開(kāi)始幫助推廣電腦調(diào)試故障排除的功能，這個(gè)功能的說(shuō)法“de-bugging”至今仍在廣泛使用。

"Amazing Grace", as she was known, continued working with computers until she retired from the navy as its oldest serving officer, aged 79.

被稱(chēng)為“神奇格蕾絲”的霍珀一直從事計(jì)算機(jī)領(lǐng)域的工作，到79歲才退休，是當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)海軍最老的現(xiàn)役軍官。

2. Caller ID and call waiting - Dr Shirley Ann Jackson

2.來(lái)電顯示和呼叫等待功能-雪莉?安?杰克遜博士

Dr Shirley Ann Jackson is an American theoretical physicist, whose research from the 1970s is responsible for caller ID and call waiting.

雪莉?安?杰克遜博士是美國(guó)一名理論物理學(xué)家，從上世紀(jì)七十年代起，她便承擔(dān)來(lái)電顯示和呼叫等待功能的研究。

Her breakthroughs in telecommunications have also enabled others to invent the portable fax, fibre optic cables and solar cells.

她在電子通訊方面的突破也讓便攜式傳真機(jī)、光纜以及太陽(yáng)能電池的發(fā)明成為可能。

She is the first African-American woman to gain a PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the first African-American woman to lead a top-ranked research university.

她是第一位從美國(guó)馬薩諸塞理工學(xué)院獲得博士學(xué)位且領(lǐng)導(dǎo)頂尖研究型大學(xué)的非洲裔美國(guó)女性。

3. Windscreen wiper - Mary Anderson

3.風(fēng)擋雨刮器—瑪麗?安德森

On a winter's day of 1903, Mary Anderson was visiting New York City when she noticed that her driver was forced to open his window, just to the clear the snow from his windscreen.

1903年的一個(gè)冬天，瑪麗?安德森到訪紐約市，她注意到司機(jī)必須得打開(kāi)窗戶(hù)來(lái)清除擋風(fēng)玻璃上的積雪。

Every time the window was open, the passengers in the car got colder.

但每次打開(kāi)窗戶(hù)，車(chē)內(nèi)的乘客都會(huì)感到寒冷。

Anderson started drawing her solution of a rubber blade that could be moved from inside the car, and in 1903 was awarded a patent for her device.

安德森開(kāi)始思考解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的方法。后來(lái)，她發(fā)明了一個(gè)可以在車(chē)內(nèi)移動(dòng)的橡膠葉片并于1903年獲得專(zhuān)利。

But the invention proved unsuccessful with car companies, who believed it would distract drivers.

但是這項(xiàng)發(fā)明并不符合汽車(chē)公司的要求，它們認(rèn)為這會(huì)使司機(jī)開(kāi)車(chē)時(shí)分心。

Anderson never profited from her invention, even when the wipers later became standard on cars.

安德森從未從自己的發(fā)明上獲取一絲利潤(rùn)，即便后來(lái)雨刷成為了汽車(chē)的標(biāo)配。

4. Space station batteries - Olga D Gonzalez-Sanabria

4.太空站電池——奧爾加?岡薩雷斯-薩納布里亞

It might not have the catchiest name on this list, but the long cycle-life nickel-hydrogen battery has helped power the International Space Station, so it's pretty important.

這個(gè)長(zhǎng)壽命的鎳氫電池可能不是這個(gè)榜單上最吸引眼球的，但是它能為國(guó)際空間站充電，因此十分重要。

Olga D Gonzalez-Sanabria, who is originally from Puerto Rico, developed technology which helped create these batteries in the 1980s and is now director of engineering at Nasa's Glenn Research Centre.

來(lái)自波多黎各的奧爾加?岡薩雷斯-薩納布里亞在20世紀(jì)80年代開(kāi)發(fā)了制造空間站電池的技術(shù)。她現(xiàn)在是美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局格倫研究中心的工程總監(jiān)。

5. Dishwasher - Josephine Cochrane

5、洗碗機(jī)——約瑟芬?科克倫

A frequent entertainer, Cochrane wanted a machine that would wash her dishes faster than her servants, and be less likely to break them.

演藝事業(yè)繁忙的藝人科克倫想要一臺(tái)能夠比她的仆人洗碗快，而且不會(huì)把碗打碎的洗碗機(jī)。

Her machine, which involved a motor turning a wheel inside a copper boiler, was the first automatic dishwasher to use water pressure.

她發(fā)明了第一臺(tái)用水壓的全自動(dòng)洗碗機(jī)，洗碗機(jī)內(nèi)的銅鍋內(nèi)有個(gè)輪子，由馬達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)來(lái)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。

Cochrane's alcoholic husband had left her with masses of debt after his death and this motivated her to patent her invention in 1886 and open her own production factory.

科克倫嗜酒成癮的丈夫在死后留給她一大筆債務(wù)，這使得她在1886年為自己的發(fā)明申請(qǐng)了專(zhuān)利并且開(kāi)了屬于自己的洗碗機(jī)工廠。

6. Home security system - Marie Van Brittan Brown

6、家庭安全系統(tǒng)——瑪麗?布朗

A nurse, who was often home alone, Marie Van Brittan Brown came up with an idea that would make her feel safer.

瑪麗?布朗是一名護(hù)士，她經(jīng)常一個(gè)人在家。所以她想了一個(gè)辦法，讓自己更有安全感。

Together with her husband Albert, Van Brittan Brown developed the first home security system in response to the rising crime rates and slow police responses of the 1960s.

為了應(yīng)對(duì)上世紀(jì)60年代的犯罪率上升以及警方的低效行動(dòng)，布朗和丈夫阿爾伯特一起發(fā)明了世界上第一個(gè)家庭安全系統(tǒng)。

The device was complicated, with a camera powered by a motor which moved up and down the door to look through a peephole.

這個(gè)設(shè)備中的攝像頭由馬達(dá)驅(qū)動(dòng)，沿著門(mén)上下移動(dòng)，通過(guò)窺視孔進(jìn)行觀察，結(jié)構(gòu)十分復(fù)雜。

A monitor in her bedroom also came equipped with an alarm button.

她臥室的監(jiān)視器裝有報(bào)警按鈕。

7. Stem cell isolation - Ann Tsukamoto

7.干細(xì)胞分離技術(shù)—— 安冢本

Her patent was awarded in 1991 and since then Tsukamoto's work has led to great advancements in understanding the blood systems of cancer patients, which could lead to a cure for the disease.

這項(xiàng)專(zhuān)利于1991年獲得認(rèn)證。從那時(shí)起，安冢本的這項(xiàng)技術(shù)大大促進(jìn)了人們對(duì)癌癥病人血液系統(tǒng)的了解，為癌癥的治愈開(kāi)拓了新道路。

Tsukamoto is currently conducting further research into stem cell growth and is the co-patentee on more than seven other inventions.

如今，安冢本正在進(jìn)一步研究干細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)。同時(shí)她還是七項(xiàng)以上其他發(fā)明的共同專(zhuān)利權(quán)所有人。

8. Kevlar - Stephanie Kwolek

8．凱夫拉纖維——斯蒂芬妮?科沃萊克

This chemist invented the lightweight fibre used in bullet-proof vests and body armour.

這位化學(xué)家發(fā)明了用于制造防彈背心和防彈衣的輕質(zhì)纖維。

Since her discovery in 1965, the material, which is five times stronger than steel, has saved lives and is used by millions every day.

這種比鋼鐵還堅(jiān)固五倍的材料，自1965年發(fā)現(xiàn)以來(lái)，挽救了無(wú)數(shù)生命，每天有數(shù)百萬(wàn)的人使用。

It's found in products ranging from household gloves and mobile phones to aeroplanes and suspension bridges.

家用手套、手機(jī)、飛機(jī)和吊橋等各式各樣的產(chǎn)品都使用了該材料。

9. Monopoly - Elizabeth Magie

9.大富翁游戲——伊麗莎白?馬吉

A man named Charles Darrow is often credited with creating the most popular board game in history, but the rules were in fact invented by Elizabeth Magie.

查里斯?達(dá)路經(jīng)常被夸贊創(chuàng)造了歷史上最受歡迎的棋盤(pán)游戲，但事實(shí)上，游戲的規(guī)則是由伊麗莎白?馬吉?jiǎng)?chuàng)造的。

Magie wanted to demonstrate the problems with capitalism with an innovative game in which players traded fake money and property.

馬吉希望能通過(guò)一個(gè)創(chuàng)新的游戲來(lái)揭露資本主義所存在的問(wèn)題。在游戲中玩家們可以用虛假的貨幣和貨物進(jìn)行交易。

Her design, which she patented in 1904, was called The Landlord's Game.

她的游戲于1904年獲得專(zhuān)利，并被稱(chēng)為“地主的游戲”。

The game of Monopoly that we know today was published in 1935 by the Parker Brothers, who discovered that Darrow was not the sole creator and had, for just $500, bought Magie's patent and, well, monopolized the game.

我們今天知道的大富翁游戲是由派克兄弟公司于1935年發(fā)布的，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)達(dá)路并不是游戲的唯一創(chuàng)始人，他們只用了500美元的價(jià)格購(gòu)買(mǎi)了馬吉的專(zhuān)利，成為了游戲的唯一擁有者。

如果讓你說(shuō)出歷史上重要的發(fā)明家，你可能會(huì)先從愛(ài)迪生，貝爾或達(dá)芬奇說(shuō)起。那你知道瑪麗?安德森或安冢本嗎？下面列舉的九項(xiàng)發(fā)明都來(lái)自勇于突破的女性。如果沒(méi)有她們，我們根本無(wú)法使用到這些產(chǎn)品。

1. Computer software - Grace Hopper

1.電腦軟件—格蕾絲?霍珀

After joining the US Navy during the World War II, Rear Admiral Grace Hopper was assigned to work on a new computer, called the Mark 1.

二戰(zhàn)期間加入美國(guó)海軍后，海軍少將格蕾絲?霍珀被指派開(kāi)發(fā)新電腦。這個(gè)電腦名為馬克1。

It wasn't long before she was at the forefront of computer programming in the 1950s.

不久后，她便成為20世紀(jì)50年代計(jì)算機(jī)編程的領(lǐng)頭人物。

She was behind the compiler, which could translate instructions into code that computers can read, making programming quicker and ultimately revolutionizing how computers worked.

霍珀是編程器背后的英雄。編程器可以將指示轉(zhuǎn)換為電腦可讀寫(xiě)的代碼，加速編程進(jìn)程，最終改變電腦的運(yùn)行方式。

Hopper also helped popularized the term "de-bugging" that we still use on computers programs today, after a moth was removed from inside her machine.

霍珀在自己的電腦里抓出一只飛蛾后，便開(kāi)始幫助推廣電腦調(diào)試故障排除的功能，這個(gè)功能的說(shuō)法“de-bugging”至今仍在廣泛使用。

"Amazing Grace", as she was known, continued working with computers until she retired from the navy as its oldest serving officer, aged 79.

被稱(chēng)為“神奇格蕾絲”的霍珀一直從事計(jì)算機(jī)領(lǐng)域的工作，到79歲才退休，是當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)海軍最老的現(xiàn)役軍官。

2. Caller ID and call waiting - Dr Shirley Ann Jackson

2.來(lái)電顯示和呼叫等待功能-雪莉?安?杰克遜博士

Dr Shirley Ann Jackson is an American theoretical physicist, whose research from the 1970s is responsible for caller ID and call waiting.

雪莉?安?杰克遜博士是美國(guó)一名理論物理學(xué)家，從上世紀(jì)七十年代起，她便承擔(dān)來(lái)電顯示和呼叫等待功能的研究。

Her breakthroughs in telecommunications have also enabled others to invent the portable fax, fibre optic cables and solar cells.

她在電子通訊方面的突破也讓便攜式傳真機(jī)、光纜以及太陽(yáng)能電池的發(fā)明成為可能。

She is the first African-American woman to gain a PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the first African-American woman to lead a top-ranked research university.

她是第一位從美國(guó)馬薩諸塞理工學(xué)院獲得博士學(xué)位且領(lǐng)導(dǎo)頂尖研究型大學(xué)的非洲裔美國(guó)女性。

3. Windscreen wiper - Mary Anderson

3.風(fēng)擋雨刮器—瑪麗?安德森

On a winter's day of 1903, Mary Anderson was visiting New York City when she noticed that her driver was forced to open his window, just to the clear the snow from his windscreen.

1903年的一個(gè)冬天，瑪麗?安德森到訪紐約市，她注意到司機(jī)必須得打開(kāi)窗戶(hù)來(lái)清除擋風(fēng)玻璃上的積雪。

Every time the window was open, the passengers in the car got colder.

但每次打開(kāi)窗戶(hù)，車(chē)內(nèi)的乘客都會(huì)感到寒冷。

Anderson started drawing her solution of a rubber blade that could be moved from inside the car, and in 1903 was awarded a patent for her device.

安德森開(kāi)始思考解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的方法。后來(lái)，她發(fā)明了一個(gè)可以在車(chē)內(nèi)移動(dòng)的橡膠葉片并于1903年獲得專(zhuān)利。

But the invention proved unsuccessful with car companies, who believed it would distract drivers.

但是這項(xiàng)發(fā)明并不符合汽車(chē)公司的要求，它們認(rèn)為這會(huì)使司機(jī)開(kāi)車(chē)時(shí)分心。

Anderson never profited from her invention, even when the wipers later became standard on cars.

安德森從未從自己的發(fā)明上獲取一絲利潤(rùn)，即便后來(lái)雨刷成為了汽車(chē)的標(biāo)配。

4. Space station batteries - Olga D Gonzalez-Sanabria

4.太空站電池——奧爾加?岡薩雷斯-薩納布里亞

It might not have the catchiest name on this list, but the long cycle-life nickel-hydrogen battery has helped power the International Space Station, so it's pretty important.

這個(gè)長(zhǎng)壽命的鎳氫電池可能不是這個(gè)榜單上最吸引眼球的，但是它能為國(guó)際空間站充電，因此十分重要。

Olga D Gonzalez-Sanabria, who is originally from Puerto Rico, developed technology which helped create these batteries in the 1980s and is now director of engineering at Nasa's Glenn Research Centre.

來(lái)自波多黎各的奧爾加?岡薩雷斯-薩納布里亞在20世紀(jì)80年代開(kāi)發(fā)了制造空間站電池的技術(shù)。她現(xiàn)在是美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局格倫研究中心的工程總監(jiān)。

5. Dishwasher - Josephine Cochrane

5、洗碗機(jī)——約瑟芬?科克倫

A frequent entertainer, Cochrane wanted a machine that would wash her dishes faster than her servants, and be less likely to break them.

演藝事業(yè)繁忙的藝人科克倫想要一臺(tái)能夠比她的仆人洗碗快，而且不會(huì)把碗打碎的洗碗機(jī)。

Her machine, which involved a motor turning a wheel inside a copper boiler, was the first automatic dishwasher to use water pressure.

她發(fā)明了第一臺(tái)用水壓的全自動(dòng)洗碗機(jī)，洗碗機(jī)內(nèi)的銅鍋內(nèi)有個(gè)輪子，由馬達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)來(lái)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。

Cochrane's alcoholic husband had left her with masses of debt after his death and this motivated her to patent her invention in 1886 and open her own production factory.

科克倫嗜酒成癮的丈夫在死后留給她一大筆債務(wù)，這使得她在1886年為自己的發(fā)明申請(qǐng)了專(zhuān)利并且開(kāi)了屬于自己的洗碗機(jī)工廠。

6. Home security system - Marie Van Brittan Brown

6、家庭安全系統(tǒng)——瑪麗?布朗

A nurse, who was often home alone, Marie Van Brittan Brown came up with an idea that would make her feel safer.

瑪麗?布朗是一名護(hù)士，她經(jīng)常一個(gè)人在家。所以她想了一個(gè)辦法，讓自己更有安全感。

Together with her husband Albert, Van Brittan Brown developed the first home security system in response to the rising crime rates and slow police responses of the 1960s.

為了應(yīng)對(duì)上世紀(jì)60年代的犯罪率上升以及警方的低效行動(dòng)，布朗和丈夫阿爾伯特一起發(fā)明了世界上第一個(gè)家庭安全系統(tǒng)。

The device was complicated, with a camera powered by a motor which moved up and down the door to look through a peephole.

這個(gè)設(shè)備中的攝像頭由馬達(dá)驅(qū)動(dòng)，沿著門(mén)上下移動(dòng)，通過(guò)窺視孔進(jìn)行觀察，結(jié)構(gòu)十分復(fù)雜。

A monitor in her bedroom also came equipped with an alarm button.

她臥室的監(jiān)視器裝有報(bào)警按鈕。

7. Stem cell isolation - Ann Tsukamoto

7.干細(xì)胞分離技術(shù)—— 安冢本

Her patent was awarded in 1991 and since then Tsukamoto's work has led to great advancements in understanding the blood systems of cancer patients, which could lead to a cure for the disease.

這項(xiàng)專(zhuān)利于1991年獲得認(rèn)證。從那時(shí)起，安冢本的這項(xiàng)技術(shù)大大促進(jìn)了人們對(duì)癌癥病人血液系統(tǒng)的了解，為癌癥的治愈開(kāi)拓了新道路。

Tsukamoto is currently conducting further research into stem cell growth and is the co-patentee on more than seven other inventions.

如今，安冢本正在進(jìn)一步研究干細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)。同時(shí)她還是七項(xiàng)以上其他發(fā)明的共同專(zhuān)利權(quán)所有人。

8. Kevlar - Stephanie Kwolek

8．凱夫拉纖維——斯蒂芬妮?科沃萊克

This chemist invented the lightweight fibre used in bullet-proof vests and body armour.

這位化學(xué)家發(fā)明了用于制造防彈背心和防彈衣的輕質(zhì)纖維。

Since her discovery in 1965, the material, which is five times stronger than steel, has saved lives and is used by millions every day.

這種比鋼鐵還堅(jiān)固五倍的材料，自1965年發(fā)現(xiàn)以來(lái)，挽救了無(wú)數(shù)生命，每天有數(shù)百萬(wàn)的人使用。

It's found in products ranging from household gloves and mobile phones to aeroplanes and suspension bridges.

家用手套、手機(jī)、飛機(jī)和吊橋等各式各樣的產(chǎn)品都使用了該材料。

9. Monopoly - Elizabeth Magie

9.大富翁游戲——伊麗莎白?馬吉

A man named Charles Darrow is often credited with creating the most popular board game in history, but the rules were in fact invented by Elizabeth Magie.

查里斯?達(dá)路經(jīng)常被夸贊創(chuàng)造了歷史上最受歡迎的棋盤(pán)游戲，但事實(shí)上，游戲的規(guī)則是由伊麗莎白?馬吉?jiǎng)?chuàng)造的。

Magie wanted to demonstrate the problems with capitalism with an innovative game in which players traded fake money and property.

馬吉希望能通過(guò)一個(gè)創(chuàng)新的游戲來(lái)揭露資本主義所存在的問(wèn)題。在游戲中玩家們可以用虛假的貨幣和貨物進(jìn)行交易。

Her design, which she patented in 1904, was called The Landlord's Game.

她的游戲于1904年獲得專(zhuān)利，并被稱(chēng)為“地主的游戲”。

The game of Monopoly that we know today was published in 1935 by the Parker Brothers, who discovered that Darrow was not the sole creator and had, for just $500, bought Magie's patent and, well, monopolized the game.

我們今天知道的大富翁游戲是由派克兄弟公司于1935年發(fā)布的，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)達(dá)路并不是游戲的唯一創(chuàng)始人，他們只用了500美元的價(jià)格購(gòu)買(mǎi)了馬吉的專(zhuān)利，成為了游戲的唯一擁有者。