Some abbreviations are appropriate in academic writing, while others are not appropriate. Below you'll find a list of abbreviations you are likely to use in your experience as a student.

在論文寫作中，不是所有縮寫的使用都是恰當的。在下面的內容中，你會發現有許多作為學生會用到的縮寫。

Abbreviations for College Degrees

大學學位的縮寫

1.A.A.

Associate of Arts: A two-year degree in any specific liberal art or a general degree covering a mix of courses in liberal arts and sciences. It is acceptable to use the A.A. abbreviation in place of the full degree name.

副學士：指代兩年制的所有文科或文理科綜合課程學位。也可以用A.A來代替完整的學位名稱。

For example: Alfred earned an A.A. at the local community college.

阿爾弗雷德在當地的社區大學完成了副學士學位。

2.A.A.S.

Associate of Applied Science: A two-year degree in a technical or a science field. Example: Dorothy earned an A.A.S. in culinary arts after she earned her high school degree.

應用科學副學士：科技或科學領域的兩年制學位。例如：在獲得高中學歷后，桃樂西又獲得了烹飪藝術學士學位。

3.A.B.D.

All But Dissertation: This refers to a student who has completed all the requirements for a Ph.D. except for the dissertation. It is used primarily in reference to doctoral candidates whose dissertation is in progress, to state that the candidate is eligible to apply for positions that require a Ph.D. The abbreviation is acceptable in place of the full expression.

準博士：指完成了所有博士生要求的學生，論文除外。主要用來指代論文還未完成的博士研究生，表示他有資格申請博士學位。這個縮寫也可以代替完整的表達。

4.A.F.A.

Associate of Fine Arts: A two-year degree in a field of creative art such as painting, sculpting, photography, theater, and fashion design. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing.

美術副學士：在藝術創作領域，如繪畫、雕塑、攝影、戲劇和服裝設計等的兩年制學士。該縮寫也可以在所有非常正式的寫作中使用。

5.B.A.

Bachelor of Arts: An undergraduate, four-year degree in a liberal arts or sciences.

從四年制文科或理科大學畢業的大學生。

The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing.

該縮寫也可以在所有非常正式的寫作中使用。

6.B.F.A.

Bachelor of Fine Arts: A four-year, undergraduate degree in a field of creative art. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing.

在藝術創作專業畢業的四年制學士學位。該縮寫也可以在所有非常正式的寫作中使用。

7.B.S.

Bachelor of Science: A four-year, undergraduate degree in a science. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing.

四年制理學學士學位。該縮寫也可以在所有非常正式的寫作中使用。

Note: Students enter college for the first time as undergraduates pursuing either a two-year (associate's) or a four-year (bachelor's) degree. Many universities have a separate college within called a graduate school, where students may choose to continue their education to pursue a higher degree.

畢業后第一次進入大學的學生們要么是兩年制（副學士），要么是四年制（學士）學位。許多大學都設有單獨的學院，稱為研究院，學生們可以選擇繼續學業還是考取更高的學位。

8.M.A.

Master of Arts: The master's degree is a degree earned in graduate school. The M.A. is a master's degree in one of the liberal arts awarded to students who study one or two years after earning a bachelor's degree.

碩士學位是在研究院獲得的。M.A指的是在學生們在獲得學士學位后，經過一到兩年的學習，獲得的文科領域的文學碩士學位。

9.M.Ed.

Master of Education: The master's degree awarded to a student pursuing an advanced degree in the field of education.

學生們在教育領域獲得的碩士學位。

10.M.S.

Master of Science: The master's degree awarded to a student pursuing an advanced degree in science or technology.

學生們在科學或技術領域獲得的碩士學位。

Abbreviations for Titles

頭銜的縮寫

1.Dr.

Doctor: When referring to a college professor, the title usually refers to a Doctor of Philosophy, the highest degree in many fields. (In some fields of study the master's degree is the highest possible degree.) It is generally acceptable (preferable) to abbreviate this title when addressing professors in writing and when conducting academic and nonacademic writing.

當我們提到大學教授時，這個頭銜通常是指博士，即許多領域中最高的學位。（在一些領域中，碩士學位是最高學位）當我們在寫作中，以及在學術非學術寫作中提到教授，可以使用該縮寫。

2.Esq.

Esquire: Historically, the abbreviation Esq. has been used as a title of courtesy and respect.

從歷史觀點上說，Esp.是處于禮儀和尊重而使用的一種頭銜。

In the United States, the title is generally used as a title for lawyers, after the full name.

在美國，人們會用該縮寫指代律師，前面加上該律師的全名。

Example: John Hendrik, Esq.

約翰·昆昂里克律師

It is appropriate to use the abbreviation Esq. in formal and academic writing.

在正式寫作和學術寫作中，我們可以使用該縮寫。

3.Prof.

Professor: When referring to a professor in nonacademic and informal writing, it is acceptable to abbreviate when you use the full name. It is best to use the full title before a surname alone. Example:

在非學術寫作及非正式寫作中，它指的是教授，該縮寫也可以與全名連用。最好是在姓的前面使用完整的頭銜。

I'll invite Prof. Johnson to appear as a speaker at our next meeting.

下次會議，我會邀請約翰遜教授來發言。

Professor Mark Johnson is speaking at our next meeting.

馬克·約翰遜教授會在我們下次的會議中發言。

4.Mr. and Mrs.

The abbreviations Mr. and Mrs. are shortened versions of mister and mistress. Both terms, when spelled out, are considered antiquated and outdated when it comes to academic writing. However, the term mister is still used in very formal writing (formal invitations) and military writing.

Mr.和Mrs.是mister和mistress的縮寫形式。這兩個術語如果在學術寫作中直接拼寫出來，會顯得過時和老套。但是，在非常正式的寫作（正式邀請）和軍事類寫作中仍會用到mister這個術語。

Do not use mister or mistress when addressing a teacher, a professor, or a potential employer.

在對老師、教授或潛在雇主進行問候時，不要使用mister或mistress。

5.Ph.D.

Doctor of Philosophy: As a title, the Ph.D. comes after the name of a professor who has earned the highest degree awarded by a graduate school. The degree may be called a doctoral degree or a doctorate.

Ph.D作為一個頭銜，跟在教授的名字后面，而教授則是研究生院最高學位的人。這種學位也被稱為博士學位或博士頭銜。

Example: Sara Edwards, Ph.D.

例子：薩拉·愛德華茲

You would address a person who signs correspondence as "Sara Edwards, Ph.D." as Dr. Edwards.

當一個人署名薩拉·愛德華茲博士時，你可以寫作Dr.Edwards。

Some abbreviations are appropriate in academic writing, while others are not appropriate. Below you'll find a list of abbreviations you are likely to use in your experience as a student.

在論文寫作中，不是所有縮寫的使用都是恰當的。在下面的內容中，你會發現有許多作為學生會用到的縮寫。

Abbreviations for College Degrees

大學學位的縮寫

1.A.A.

Associate of Arts: A two-year degree in any specific liberal art or a general degree covering a mix of courses in liberal arts and sciences. It is acceptable to use the A.A. abbreviation in place of the full degree name.

副學士：指代兩年制的所有文科或文理科綜合課程學位。也可以用A.A來代替完整的學位名稱。

For example: Alfred earned an A.A. at the local community college.

阿爾弗雷德在當地的社區大學完成了副學士學位。

2.A.A.S.

Associate of Applied Science: A two-year degree in a technical or a science field. Example: Dorothy earned an A.A.S. in culinary arts after she earned her high school degree.

應用科學副學士：科技或科學領域的兩年制學位。例如：在獲得高中學歷后，桃樂西又獲得了烹飪藝術學士學位。

3.A.B.D.

All But Dissertation: This refers to a student who has completed all the requirements for a Ph.D. except for the dissertation. It is used primarily in reference to doctoral candidates whose dissertation is in progress, to state that the candidate is eligible to apply for positions that require a Ph.D. The abbreviation is acceptable in place of the full expression.

準博士：指完成了所有博士生要求的學生，論文除外。主要用來指代論文還未完成的博士研究生，表示他有資格申請博士學位。這個縮寫也可以代替完整的表達。

4.A.F.A.

Associate of Fine Arts: A two-year degree in a field of creative art such as painting, sculpting, photography, theater, and fashion design. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing.

美術副學士：在藝術創作領域，如繪畫、雕塑、攝影、戲劇和服裝設計等的兩年制學士。該縮寫也可以在所有非常正式的寫作中使用。

5.B.A.

Bachelor of Arts: An undergraduate, four-year degree in a liberal arts or sciences.

從四年制文科或理科大學畢業的大學生。

The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing.

該縮寫也可以在所有非常正式的寫作中使用。

6.B.F.A.

Bachelor of Fine Arts: A four-year, undergraduate degree in a field of creative art. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing.

在藝術創作專業畢業的四年制學士學位。該縮寫也可以在所有非常正式的寫作中使用。

7.B.S.

Bachelor of Science: A four-year, undergraduate degree in a science. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing.

四年制理學學士學位。該縮寫也可以在所有非常正式的寫作中使用。

Note: Students enter college for the first time as undergraduates pursuing either a two-year (associate's) or a four-year (bachelor's) degree. Many universities have a separate college within called a graduate school, where students may choose to continue their education to pursue a higher degree.

畢業后第一次進入大學的學生們要么是兩年制（副學士），要么是四年制（學士）學位。許多大學都設有單獨的學院，稱為研究院，學生們可以選擇繼續學業還是考取更高的學位。

8.M.A.

Master of Arts: The master's degree is a degree earned in graduate school. The M.A. is a master's degree in one of the liberal arts awarded to students who study one or two years after earning a bachelor's degree.

碩士學位是在研究院獲得的。M.A指的是在學生們在獲得學士學位后，經過一到兩年的學習，獲得的文科領域的文學碩士學位。

9.M.Ed.

Master of Education: The master's degree awarded to a student pursuing an advanced degree in the field of education.

學生們在教育領域獲得的碩士學位。

10.M.S.

Master of Science: The master's degree awarded to a student pursuing an advanced degree in science or technology.

學生們在科學或技術領域獲得的碩士學位。

Abbreviations for Titles

頭銜的縮寫

1.Dr.

Doctor: When referring to a college professor, the title usually refers to a Doctor of Philosophy, the highest degree in many fields. (In some fields of study the master's degree is the highest possible degree.) It is generally acceptable (preferable) to abbreviate this title when addressing professors in writing and when conducting academic and nonacademic writing.

當我們提到大學教授時，這個頭銜通常是指博士，即許多領域中最高的學位。（在一些領域中，碩士學位是最高學位）當我們在寫作中，以及在學術非學術寫作中提到教授，可以使用該縮寫。

2.Esq.

Esquire: Historically, the abbreviation Esq. has been used as a title of courtesy and respect.

從歷史觀點上說，Esp.是處于禮儀和尊重而使用的一種頭銜。

In the United States, the title is generally used as a title for lawyers, after the full name.

在美國，人們會用該縮寫指代律師，前面加上該律師的全名。

Example: John Hendrik, Esq.

約翰·昆昂里克律師

It is appropriate to use the abbreviation Esq. in formal and academic writing.

在正式寫作和學術寫作中，我們可以使用該縮寫。

3.Prof.

Professor: When referring to a professor in nonacademic and informal writing, it is acceptable to abbreviate when you use the full name. It is best to use the full title before a surname alone. Example:

在非學術寫作及非正式寫作中，它指的是教授，該縮寫也可以與全名連用。最好是在姓的前面使用完整的頭銜。

I'll invite Prof. Johnson to appear as a speaker at our next meeting.

下次會議，我會邀請約翰遜教授來發言。

Professor Mark Johnson is speaking at our next meeting.

馬克·約翰遜教授會在我們下次的會議中發言。

4.Mr. and Mrs.

The abbreviations Mr. and Mrs. are shortened versions of mister and mistress. Both terms, when spelled out, are considered antiquated and outdated when it comes to academic writing. However, the term mister is still used in very formal writing (formal invitations) and military writing.

Mr.和Mrs.是mister和mistress的縮寫形式。這兩個術語如果在學術寫作中直接拼寫出來，會顯得過時和老套。但是，在非常正式的寫作（正式邀請）和軍事類寫作中仍會用到mister這個術語。

Do not use mister or mistress when addressing a teacher, a professor, or a potential employer.

在對老師、教授或潛在雇主進行問候時，不要使用mister或mistress。

5.Ph.D.

Doctor of Philosophy: As a title, the Ph.D. comes after the name of a professor who has earned the highest degree awarded by a graduate school. The degree may be called a doctoral degree or a doctorate.

Ph.D作為一個頭銜，跟在教授的名字后面，而教授則是研究生院最高學位的人。這種學位也被稱為博士學位或博士頭銜。

Example: Sara Edwards, Ph.D.

例子：薩拉·愛德華茲

You would address a person who signs correspondence as "Sara Edwards, Ph.D." as Dr. Edwards.

當一個人署名薩拉·愛德華茲博士時，你可以寫作Dr.Edwards。