Book Review;Nuclearwarfare;Conscientious objector

　　書評;核戰爭;良心反對者;

　　Keeper of the Nuclear Conscience: The Life andWork of Joseph Rotblat.

　　持有核良知的人：約瑟夫羅特布拉特的工作與生活;

　　Many of the scientists who worked on theManhattan Project, America s programme to buildan atom bomb during the second world war, hadmisgivings about their work. After the detonationof the first test bomb in 1945, Robert Oppenheimer,the programme s director, later claimed to have recalled a line from Hindu scripture: I ambecome death, destroyer of worlds. His colleague Kenneth Bainbridge was pithier: nowwe re all sons of bitches, he muttered.

　　在二戰期間從事原子彈制造的曼哈頓計劃中，有很多科學家對自己所做的事情滿懷憂慮。1945年第一課原子彈試爆之后，該計劃的執行官羅伯特奧本海默引用了印度經文的一句話：我將成為死神，萬物的毀滅者。 而他的同僚肯尼斯 班布里奇更為直截了當：如今我們都是狗雜種了。

　　Joseph Rotblat, a Polish-born physicist, had stronger reservations than most. He had beendisturbed to overhear the American general in charge of the project admit that the realpoint was not to pre-empt the Naziswhose own atomic-bomb project had got nowherebutto intimidate the Soviets, the Americans wartime allies. In 1944 Rotblat left the programmeto return to Britain, where he had taken refuge from occupied Poland, and resolved to puthis expertise to more humane use. He swapped theoretical physics for the medical kindand began a life of vigorous opposition to nuclear weapons. A friendship with BertrandRussell, a British philosopher, led to the founding of the Pugwash conferences on nucleardisarmament.

　　物理學家約瑟夫羅特布拉特出生于波蘭，比其他多數人都有更多的保留意見。在無意得知曼哈頓計劃將軍承認這項計劃的真實目的不是對納粹先發制人，而是恐嚇美國戰時的盟友蘇聯時，他心感不安。當然，納粹的原子彈計劃也不了了之。1994年羅特布拉特退出曼哈頓計劃回到了英國，在那得到了已被占領的波蘭的庇護，便從此致力于人道主義的事業。羅特布拉特從理論物理轉向了醫用類，開啟了自己極力反對核武器的人生。他與好友伯蘭特 羅素一道開辟了帕格沃什會議核裁軍的道路。

　　Andrew Brown s biography traces the history of both Rotblat as a man and Pugwash as agroup. That dual focus is occasionally jarringat one stage he moves from a discussionabout test animals in Rotblat s London hospital to a sweeping history of attempts to bannuclear testing. Acronyms, committees and minor players come thick and fast. Readers canexpect to make frequent trips to Wikipedia.

　　安德魯布朗寫的傳記就追溯到了洛特布蘭特和帕格沃什會議的源頭，但是這兩者結合起來有時顯得不和諧：在一個階段，作者從討論羅特布拉特在自己倫敦的醫院里進行動物實驗，又跳到了他反對核試驗的風光歷史中。另一層面，作品中頻繁穿插出現了大量的縮略詞，委員會和不重要的人物的名字。要讀下來還要指望維基百科。

　　But the story itself is good enough to shine through. The idea behind Pugwash was that scientistsparticularly nuclear scientistswere uniquely suited to grapple with the problems of thenuclear-armed world which they had helped bring into being. They understood the details andwere prone to thinking bold thoughts. As an international scientific group, Pugwash was auseful counterpart to the fearful nationalism shaping politics. Delegates debated the theoryof nuclear deterrence, pondered the potential damage of a nuclear war, and agitated fordisarmament and the abolition of nuclear weapons.

　　但是故事本身就有很多亮點貫穿始終。帕格沃什會議的主旨是讓科學家們與他們親手建起的核武器世界斗爭，尤其是這些核專家再適合不過了，因為這些專家對核制造了如指掌，而且他們想法奇特大膽。參會代表們一起討論核威懾的理論，思考核戰爭的潛在危險，并倡導核裁軍和銷毀核武器。作為一個國際科學小組，帕格沃什會議成為恐怖的民族主義塑造政治的有用對口。

　　Many of the attendees had the ear of their national governments. Over the years thePugwash conferences evolved into a crucial source of backdoor communications betweenthe superpowers, penetrating the fog of mistrust that characterised the cold war. Thefoundation of the Partial Test Ban Treaty and various other nuclear disarmament treaties was laid largely at Pugwash.

　　許多出席者都是國家政府的親信，會議也多年來演變成超級大國私下互訪的重要來源，沖破了由冷戰披上的國家之間互不信任的迷霧。部分核禁試條約和許多其它核裁軍條約主要是在帕格沃什會議上簽訂的。

　　For Rotblat, though, these were only partial victories. Throughout his life, his goal remaineda world free of nuclear weapons. His experience of the second world war had a lastingimpact . He was notconvinced by the argument that the threat of nuclear weapons would ultimately preventwar. The logic of deterrence, and later of mutually assured destructionwhich presumesthat war between nuclear-armed nations is impossible, because the mutual annihilationensures that neither side could winapplies only to rational actors. Had Hitler had the bomb,Rotblat argued, his last order from the bunker in April 1945 would have been to use it onLondon even if it meant terrible retribution to Germany. This would have been part of hisphilosophy of Gotterdammerung.

　　對于羅特布拉特而言，這些僅是他人生長河中的小小勝利，他的目標是在世界范圍內消除核武器。二戰經歷對他的影響讓他久久不能釋懷，戰時自己的妻子在貝爾塞克一個納粹死亡集中營被殺害。他從不相信有了核武器的威脅就能最終抑制戰爭。核威懾邏輯以及同生共亡的理論只適用于理性行為者。如果希特勒有了核彈， 即使核彈是德國的報應，也許1945年4月希特勒在自己的堡壘發出的最后命令就是用核彈炸掉倫敦。這或許也會成為他諸神的黃昏 哲學的一部分。羅特布拉特爭論道。

　　Readers may now find Rotblat s idealism naive. Talk of total nuclear disarmament seemsidle in a world with nine nuclear powers and a simmering crisis over a possible tenth. Yet thepessimism of the 1950s has proved overblown as well: nuclear weapons have proliferatedmuch more slowly than many feared at the dawn of the atomic age, and stockpiles havedwindled since the height of the cold war. For Rotblat, to be accused of idealism was no badthing. He liked to quote his friend Russell: do not fear to be eccentric in opinion, for everyopinion now accepted was once eccentric.

　　讀后如今可能覺得羅特布拉特的理想簡單幼稚，對于一個有九個核電站，還有一個蠢蠢欲動，馬上要建的世界，聊聊完全的核裁軍簡直是一場空談。然而，20世紀50年代也對核武器的悲觀情緒進行了過度渲染，事實證明：核武器擴散速度比在人們擔心的原子能初期放慢了許多，核物質儲備也自冷戰高潮以來減少。對羅特布拉特而言，背上理想主義的罪名也不是個壞事。他喜歡引用好友羅素的話說：不要為自己持獨特看法而感到害怕，因為我們現在所接受的常識都曾是獨特看法。

　　Book Review;Nuclearwarfare;Conscientious objector

　　書評;核戰爭;良心反對者;

　　Keeper of the Nuclear Conscience: The Life andWork of Joseph Rotblat.

　　持有核良知的人：約瑟夫羅特布拉特的工作與生活;

　　Many of the scientists who worked on theManhattan Project, America s programme to buildan atom bomb during the second world war, hadmisgivings about their work. After the detonationof the first test bomb in 1945, Robert Oppenheimer,the programme s director, later claimed to have recalled a line from Hindu scripture: I ambecome death, destroyer of worlds. His colleague Kenneth Bainbridge was pithier: nowwe re all sons of bitches, he muttered.

　　在二戰期間從事原子彈制造的曼哈頓計劃中，有很多科學家對自己所做的事情滿懷憂慮。1945年第一課原子彈試爆之后，該計劃的執行官羅伯特奧本海默引用了印度經文的一句話：我將成為死神，萬物的毀滅者。 而他的同僚肯尼斯 班布里奇更為直截了當：如今我們都是狗雜種了。

　　Joseph Rotblat, a Polish-born physicist, had stronger reservations than most. He had beendisturbed to overhear the American general in charge of the project admit that the realpoint was not to pre-empt the Naziswhose own atomic-bomb project had got nowherebutto intimidate the Soviets, the Americans wartime allies. In 1944 Rotblat left the programmeto return to Britain, where he had taken refuge from occupied Poland, and resolved to puthis expertise to more humane use. He swapped theoretical physics for the medical kindand began a life of vigorous opposition to nuclear weapons. A friendship with BertrandRussell, a British philosopher, led to the founding of the Pugwash conferences on nucleardisarmament.

　　物理學家約瑟夫羅特布拉特出生于波蘭，比其他多數人都有更多的保留意見。在無意得知曼哈頓計劃將軍承認這項計劃的真實目的不是對納粹先發制人，而是恐嚇美國戰時的盟友蘇聯時，他心感不安。當然，納粹的原子彈計劃也不了了之。1994年羅特布拉特退出曼哈頓計劃回到了英國，在那得到了已被占領的波蘭的庇護，便從此致力于人道主義的事業。羅特布拉特從理論物理轉向了醫用類，開啟了自己極力反對核武器的人生。他與好友伯蘭特 羅素一道開辟了帕格沃什會議核裁軍的道路。

　　Andrew Brown s biography traces the history of both Rotblat as a man and Pugwash as agroup. That dual focus is occasionally jarringat one stage he moves from a discussionabout test animals in Rotblat s London hospital to a sweeping history of attempts to bannuclear testing. Acronyms, committees and minor players come thick and fast. Readers canexpect to make frequent trips to Wikipedia.

　　安德魯布朗寫的傳記就追溯到了洛特布蘭特和帕格沃什會議的源頭，但是這兩者結合起來有時顯得不和諧：在一個階段，作者從討論羅特布拉特在自己倫敦的醫院里進行動物實驗，又跳到了他反對核試驗的風光歷史中。另一層面，作品中頻繁穿插出現了大量的縮略詞，委員會和不重要的人物的名字。要讀下來還要指望維基百科。

　　But the story itself is good enough to shine through. The idea behind Pugwash was that scientistsparticularly nuclear scientistswere uniquely suited to grapple with the problems of thenuclear-armed world which they had helped bring into being. They understood the details andwere prone to thinking bold thoughts. As an international scientific group, Pugwash was auseful counterpart to the fearful nationalism shaping politics. Delegates debated the theoryof nuclear deterrence, pondered the potential damage of a nuclear war, and agitated fordisarmament and the abolition of nuclear weapons.

　　但是故事本身就有很多亮點貫穿始終。帕格沃什會議的主旨是讓科學家們與他們親手建起的核武器世界斗爭，尤其是這些核專家再適合不過了，因為這些專家對核制造了如指掌，而且他們想法奇特大膽。參會代表們一起討論核威懾的理論，思考核戰爭的潛在危險，并倡導核裁軍和銷毀核武器。作為一個國際科學小組，帕格沃什會議成為恐怖的民族主義塑造政治的有用對口。

　　Many of the attendees had the ear of their national governments. Over the years thePugwash conferences evolved into a crucial source of backdoor communications betweenthe superpowers, penetrating the fog of mistrust that characterised the cold war. Thefoundation of the Partial Test Ban Treaty and various other nuclear disarmament treaties was laid largely at Pugwash.

　　許多出席者都是國家政府的親信，會議也多年來演變成超級大國私下互訪的重要來源，沖破了由冷戰披上的國家之間互不信任的迷霧。部分核禁試條約和許多其它核裁軍條約主要是在帕格沃什會議上簽訂的。

　　For Rotblat, though, these were only partial victories. Throughout his life, his goal remaineda world free of nuclear weapons. His experience of the second world war had a lastingimpact . He was notconvinced by the argument that the threat of nuclear weapons would ultimately preventwar. The logic of deterrence, and later of mutually assured destructionwhich presumesthat war between nuclear-armed nations is impossible, because the mutual annihilationensures that neither side could winapplies only to rational actors. Had Hitler had the bomb,Rotblat argued, his last order from the bunker in April 1945 would have been to use it onLondon even if it meant terrible retribution to Germany. This would have been part of hisphilosophy of Gotterdammerung.

　　對于羅特布拉特而言，這些僅是他人生長河中的小小勝利，他的目標是在世界范圍內消除核武器。二戰經歷對他的影響讓他久久不能釋懷，戰時自己的妻子在貝爾塞克一個納粹死亡集中營被殺害。他從不相信有了核武器的威脅就能最終抑制戰爭。核威懾邏輯以及同生共亡的理論只適用于理性行為者。如果希特勒有了核彈， 即使核彈是德國的報應，也許1945年4月希特勒在自己的堡壘發出的最后命令就是用核彈炸掉倫敦。這或許也會成為他諸神的黃昏 哲學的一部分。羅特布拉特爭論道。

　　Readers may now find Rotblat s idealism naive. Talk of total nuclear disarmament seemsidle in a world with nine nuclear powers and a simmering crisis over a possible tenth. Yet thepessimism of the 1950s has proved overblown as well: nuclear weapons have proliferatedmuch more slowly than many feared at the dawn of the atomic age, and stockpiles havedwindled since the height of the cold war. For Rotblat, to be accused of idealism was no badthing. He liked to quote his friend Russell: do not fear to be eccentric in opinion, for everyopinion now accepted was once eccentric.

　　讀后如今可能覺得羅特布拉特的理想簡單幼稚，對于一個有九個核電站，還有一個蠢蠢欲動，馬上要建的世界，聊聊完全的核裁軍簡直是一場空談。然而，20世紀50年代也對核武器的悲觀情緒進行了過度渲染，事實證明：核武器擴散速度比在人們擔心的原子能初期放慢了許多，核物質儲備也自冷戰高潮以來減少。對羅特布拉特而言，背上理想主義的罪名也不是個壞事。他喜歡引用好友羅素的話說：不要為自己持獨特看法而感到害怕，因為我們現在所接受的常識都曾是獨特看法。